Oligosaccharide kit

Q-Sepharose FF, dextran (T20, T40, T70, and T500), and PhastGel IEF 3-9 were obtained from GE Healthcare (Uppsala, Sweden). A prestained protein PAGE ruler was obtained from Fermentas (Waltham, MA, USA). An oligosaccharide kit, an IEF protein mix 3.6–9.3, bovine serum albumin, crystal violet, (CV), and Coomassie brilliant blue R250 and G250 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Corporation (Shanghai, China) and were of the highest analytical grade.

Amylose V was provided by Avebe (Veendam, Netherlands). Lithium bromide was obtained from Acros Organics. Isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68, specific activity 260 U/mg), pullulanase M1 (EC 3.2.1.41, specific activity 34 U/mg) and β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2, specific activity 10,000 U/mL) were obtained from Megazyme (Wicklow, Ireland). DHBS was obtained by debranching highly branched starch (HBS, 8% α-1,6-linkages) with Isoamylase and pullulanase; HBS was obtained by modifying gelatinized potato starch with the Branchzyme, an enzyme preparation produced by Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) containing the glycogen branching enzyme from Rhodothermus obamensis. The oligosaccharide kit was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, Netherlands).