Cystamine dihydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Macao, United Kingdom

Cystamine dihydrochloride is a chemical compound that is commonly used in research and laboratory settings. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. The core function of cystamine dihydrochloride is as a reducing agent and a source of the thiol group, which is important in various biochemical processes.

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Cystamine (29 citations)

43 protocols using cystamine dihydrochloride

Doxorubicin-Loaded Alginate Nanoparticles

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1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), D, L-dithiothreitol (DTT), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Mw: 72,000 Da) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Doxorubicin (DOX), a cationic anticancer drug, was purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Alginate lyase was purchased from Hubei Xinmingtai Chemical Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Alginate acid sodium salt (from brown algae, Mw: 12–58 kD, cell culture tested), dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT), cystamine dihydrochloride (Cys), and gold(III) chloridehydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (USA).

Zheng K., Zhou D., Wu L., Li J., Zhao B., Zhang S., He R., Xiao L., Zoya I., Yu L., Zhang Y., Li Y., Gao J, & Li K. (2022). K. ZHENG ET AL.Gold-nanoparticle-based multistage drug delivery system for antitumor therapy. Drug Delivery, 29(1), 3186-3196.

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Multifunctional Nanoparticle Synthesis

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2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (I2959), heparin, FITC-labeled poly-L-lysine (PLL-FITC, Mw 30-70 kDa), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw ~40 kDa), rhodamine B, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS), and cystamine dihydrochloride, heparin, 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), lipase, and rapamycin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. PBS was purchased from Sango Biotech (Shanghai, China). Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, LA : GA = 75 : 25, Mn ~65 kDa) and PLGA diacrylate (PLGA-DA, LA : GA = 75 : 25, Mn ~65 kDa) were purchased from Jinan Daigang Biomaterial Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China). Annexin V-FITC/PI kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Recombinant human VEGF165 was purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, USA). The deionized (DI) water (>18 MΩ cm) used in all experiments was provided by a Millipore Milli-Q water purification system. All materials were used as received without further purification.

Wang J., Xue Y., Liu J., Hu M., Zhang H., Ren K., Wang Y, & Ji J. (2020). Hierarchical Capillary Coating to Biofunctionlize Drug-Eluting Stent for Improving Endothelium Regeneration. Research, 2020, 1458090.

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Maternal LIGHT and Cystamine Injection

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Pregnant C57Bl/6J mice (Harlan) were anesthetized with isofluorane, and 0.15 mL sterile PBS dissolved with or without recombinant mouse LIGHT (2 ng, R&D Systems) was introduced by retro‐orbital sinus injection on gestation day (GD) 13.5 and 14.5. Some mice were also injected with 2.25 mg cystamine dihydrochloride (Sigma‐Aldrich, MO) dissolved in the 0.15 mL sterile PBS to inhibit TGase activity. Since the retro‐orbital injections of cystamine dihydrochloride were only performed on GD 13.5 and 14.5 together with LIGHT molecules, to ensure a constant and effective cystamine treatment afterwards, these pregnant mice were also administered drinking water containing 0.9 g/L cystamine dihydrochloride throughout the rest of their pregnancy. Both treatment routes were reported and validated in earlier publications.40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 All protocols involving animal research were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Welfare committee of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. All animal procedures were in accordance with institutional guidelines.

Liu C., Luo R., Elliott S.E., Wang W., Parchim N.F., Iriyama T., Daugherty P.S., Blackwell S.C., Sibai B.M., Kellems R.E, & Xia Y. (2015). Elevated Transglutaminase Activity Triggers Angiotensin Receptor Activating Autoantibody Production and Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 4(12), e002323.

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Biomaterial Synthesis and Characterization

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Cystamine dihydrochloride (CYS), 1.1 Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), sodium alginate (Alginate, MW determined by viscosimetry was 140 kDa), dextran sulfate sodium salt (Dextran, MW 40 kDa), carboxymethyl-dextran sodium salt (CM-Dextran-MW 70 kDa), hyaluronic acid (low MW HA, 20–70 kDa), Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), DL-Dithiothreitol 99% (DTT), bovine serum albumin, 96% (BSA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and lysozyme from chicken egg white, 90% were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Caso M.F., Carotenuto F., Di Nardo P., Migliore A., Aguilera A., Lopez C.M., Venanzi M., Cavalieri F, & Rinaldi A. (2020). Nanoporous Microsponge Particles (NMP) of Polysaccharides as Universal Carriers for Biomolecules Delivery. Nanomaterials, 10(6), 1075.

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Electrochemical Characterization of 2'FL

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2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL; #SMB00933), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; #P5493), glutaraldehyde (#G5882), sulfuric acid (#339741), cystamine dihydrochloride (#30050 sigma), human serum albumin (HSA; #A9511–100mg), and ammonium hydroxide (#09859) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Disialyllacto-N-Tetraose (DSLNT; #OD00172) and Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA; #L-1060) were purchased from Carbosynth (UK) and Vector Laboratories (USA), respectively. Bovine serum albumin (BSA; #37525), glucose (#A16828), Koptec pure ethanol (200 proof), and hydrogen peroxide (#HX0635–3) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA), Alfa Aesar (USA), Decon Labs (USA), and EMD Millipore, respectively. Bio-banked human milk samples were provided from the Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE) UCSD.
Voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed using a benchtop potentiostat (CH Instruments, 750E), a portable multi-potentiostat (PalmSens, Palmsens4), and a custom-built, handheld potentiostat. A 3-electrode setup was used for characterization experiments with Au, Ag/AgCl, and Pt wire (CH Instruments, #CHI115) as the working (WE), reference (RE), and counter electrodes (CE), respectively. The 5 mm diameter WE was formed with a custom fixture over a gold-sputtered glass slide (100 nm thick 99.999% pure Au film on a 5 nm Cr adhesion layer).

Chung S., Bode L, & Hall D.A. (2021). Point-of-care human milk testing for maternal secretor status. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 414(10), 3187-3196.

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Biotinylated Aptamer-Based CRP Detection

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Cystamine dihydrochloride (Cys), glutaraldehyde solution 25% (Glu), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether thiol (PEG-SH), bovine serum albumin (BSA), extravidin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Calcium chloride anhydrous (CaCl₂), sodium chloride (NaCl), TRIS base for molecular biology and ethanol were all purchased from Fischer Scientific. Nanostrip was purchased from Cyantek. Biotinylated CRP_specific Aptamer was purchased from OTC Biotech. Biotinylated control aptamer with the following sequence 5′-GGGCCTCCGGT -TCATGCCGC-3′ was purchased from Integrated DNA technologies. QDot 800 streptavidin conjugate was purchased from Life Technologies.

Vance S.A, & Sandros M.G. (2014). Zeptomole Detection of C-Reactive Protein in Serum by a Nanoparticle Amplified Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Aptasensor. Scientific Reports, 4, 5129.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanocarriers

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RAD001 was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX). Trimethylamine (Et₃N), 1,4-butanediamine, cystamine dihydrochloride, dithiothreitol (DTT), hydroxyl N-hydroxylsuccinimide polyethylene glycol (NHS-PEG-OH, molecular weight [MW] = 2000 Da), eight-armed PEG (bPEG, MW = 15 000 Da), 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). Third-generation polyamidoamine dendrimers (G3 PAMAM) was purchased from Dendritech (Midland, MI). 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) was obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Haimen, China). 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP), and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial (Shanghai, China). Dialysis membranes were obtained from Spectrum Laboratories (Rancho Dominguez, CA). Unmodified and fluorescence-tagged negative-control small interfering RNA (nc-siRNA, nc-siRNA^Cy5.5+, and nc-siRNA^FITC+) was purchased from Biomics Biotechnologies (Nantong, China).

Yuan Y., Jin P., Wang Y., Zhao X., Hu Q., Wu W., Huang J, & Zhang N. (2020). A dendritic, redox-responsive, supramolecular (Dr.S) system for lysis-triggered delivery for drug-resistant renal cancer. RSC Advances, 10(62), 37826-37833.

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Biomaterial for Stem Cell Differentiation

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Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG; M_n 2000 Da and 3350 Da), acryloyl chloride, cystamine dihydrochloride, L-cysteine (Cys), reduced glutathione (GSH), calcium hydride, dexamethasone, β-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid, indomethacin, isobutyl methylxanthine, insulin, pyridine, activated charcoal, and Sephadex G-25 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The disuccinimidyl carbonate was obtained from Acros Organics (USA). Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM; high glucose) was purchased from Hyclone. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco. Anhydrous Dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile, anhydrous diethyl ether, dithiothreitol (DTT), tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), potassium bicarbonate (K₂CO₃), potassium iodide (KI), hydrochloric acid (HCl), anhydrous sodium sulphate, sodium chloride (NaCl) and Celite 545 were purchased from Fisher Scientific. DCM and acetonitrile were dried using calcium hydride. Irgacure (D2959) was procured from Ciba, Switzerland. CellTracker Red (CMTPX) and Live/Dead assay kit were obtained from Life Technologies.

Kar M., Shih Y.R., Velez D.O., Cabrales P, & Varghese S. (2015). Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with cell cleavable groups for autonomous cell delivery. Biomaterials, 77, 186-197.

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Hyaluronic Acid-Based Anticancer Drug Delivery

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HA (molecular weight [Mw] =100 kDa) was obtained from Sunlidabio Ltd (Nanjing, China). Mouse breast tumor cell line (4T1) was obtained from the Chinese Academy of Science Cell Bank for Type Culture Collection (Shanghai, China). FA, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl), ethylene diamine, glycidyl methacrylate (GM), reduced l-glutathione (GSH), 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, cystamine dihydrochloride, triethylamine, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, (1-ethyl-3-[dimethylamino]propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Yi Q., Ma J., Kang K, & Gu Z. (2018). Bioreducible nanocapsules for folic acid-assisted targeting and effective tumor-specific chemotherapy. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 13, 653-667.

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Thiol-Responsive Biomaterial Synthesis

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All reagents were used as received without further purification steps. Cystamine dihydrochloride (CA), N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide (NPM), 1,8-Diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), 5,5’-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB/Ellman’s Reagent), 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate (HEDA), and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Diethylene glycol diacrylate (DEGDA) was purchased from Polysciences Inc. (Warrington, PA, USA). Immobilized tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) beads were purchased through Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All solvents were purchased through either Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) or Pharmco-AAPER (Brookfield, CT, USA).

Lakes A.L., Puleo D.A., Hilt J.Z, & Dziubla T.D. (2018). Highly Thiolated Poly (Beta-Amino Ester) Nanoparticles for Acute Redox Applications. Gels, 4(4), 80.

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