Omeprazole

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Sao Tome and Principe

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medication used to reduce gastric acid production. It is a colorless or slightly yellow crystalline powder. Omeprazole functions by inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system in the parietal cells of the stomach, thereby reducing the secretion of gastric acid.

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Omeprazole solution

112 protocols using omeprazole

H. pylori Infection Therapy in Mice

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PHI-Der, omeprazole (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), amoxicillin (Sigma–Aldrich, Germany), and clarithromycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were dissolved and diluted to 10 mg/mL. We successfully modeled (HPBS001) 6–8-week-old SPF C57BL/6 mice and divided them into four groups: the omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin group (omeprazole, 138.2 mg/kg; amoxicillin, 28.5 mg/kg; clarithromycin, 14.3 mg/kg), the omeprazole + PHI-Der (28 mg/kg) group, the omeprazole + PHI-Der (7 mg/kg) group, and the PBS/negative control group. Each group comprised of ten mice. The negative control group comprised of ten mice not infected with H. pylori. Drugs were administered daily for 3 consecutive days. Two days after drug withdrawal, blood was collected from the eyes of the mice in the infected group, and the mice were sacrificed through cervical dislocation. Gastric tissues were collected and crushed. A portion of gastric tissues was paraffin-sectioned and stained with H&E. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence histochemistry were performed, and ImageJ was used to quantify the fluorescent signal of the immunohistochemical staining done on the tissue samples.

Li R.J., Xu J.Y., Wang X., Liao L.J., Wei X., Xie P., Xu W.Y., Xu Z.Y., Xie S.H., Jiang Y.Y., Huang L., Wang L.Y., Huang G.R, & Huang Y.Q. (2023). Therapeutic effect of demethylated hydroxylated phillygenin derivative on Helicobacter pylori infection. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1071603.

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Evaluating Anti-Helicobacter Treatments

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BXXXT aqueous extract, amoxicillin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), clarithromycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) and omeprazole (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were all dissolved and diluted to 10 mg/mL. C57BL/6 model mice (BHKS159) were divided into four groups: The omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin group (the dose was 138.2 mg/kg of omeprazole, 28.5 mg/kg of amoxicillin, and 14.3 mg/kg of clarithromycin), the omeprazole + BXXXT aqueous extract (28 mg/kg), the omeprazole + BXXXT aqueous extract (7 mg/kg) and the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group, with six mice in each group. Mice were given administration once a day for three consecutive times. Two days after drug withdrawal, the blood was collected from the eyeballs of the mice. The mice were then sacrificed through cervical dislocation with tissues taken from their stomach and broken to acquire H. pylori that was then isolated, cultured, and identified with the amount of colonization calculated. Part of the stomach tissues was made into paraffin sections with HE staining, TUNEL immunohistochemistry and fluorescence immunoassay performed thereon.

Li X.H., Xu J.Y., Wang X., Liao L.J., Huang L., Huang Y.Q, & Zhang Z.F. (2023). BanXiaXieXin decoction treating gastritis mice with drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori and its mechanism. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 29(18), 2818-2835.

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Assessing VPA's Impact on Cell Growth

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Cells were precultured overnight in synthetic minimal medium, harvested, washed twice, and resuspended in fresh medium. Cells were inoculated to a final A₅₅₀ of 0.05 and cultured to the mid-log phase (A₅₅₀ = 0.5–0.7). VPA or dH₂O was then added and cultures were incubated for the indicated time. For omeprazole experiments, omeprazole (200 μM; Sigma) was dissolved in DMSO and acid-activated by adding 0.1 N HCl for 30 min before treatment. Controls were administered acidified DMSO.

Salsaa M., Aziz K., Lazcano P., Schmidtke M.W., Tarsio M., Hüttemann M., Reynolds C.A., Kane P.M, & Greenberg M.L. (2021). Valproate activates the Snf1 kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by decreasing the cytosolic pH. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 297(4), 101110.

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Omeprazole Modulates Salmonella Infection

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Mice were inoculated with P. yoelii–infected or control blood as previously described. In the afternoon on days 3, 4, and 5 after infection, mice began receiving daily treatments with either the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (Sigma-Aldrich) or a mock treatment with the vehicle. omeprazole was administered intraperitoneally as 0.1 ml of a suspension (30 mg/ml) in 1% Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich) in Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (Gibco), and vehicle was administered in an equivalent volume. At 6 dpp, mice were challenged with S. Typhimurium for 24 hours and then assessed for gastric pH and intestinal S. Typhimurium burden.

Walker G.T., Yang G., Tsai J.Y., Rodriguez J.L., English B.C., Faber F., Souvannaseng L., Butler B.P, & Tsolis R.M. (2021). Malaria parasite infection compromises colonization resistance to an enteric pathogen by reducing gastric acidity. Science Advances, 7(27), eabd6232.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing with EPIs

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Mueller-Hinton broth was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Tween 80 from Merck-Schuchardt. The solvents used in this work were ethanol (>99.9%) from Panreac, toluene (>99.5%) from Riedel-de Häen, MTBE (>99.5%) from Fluka Analytical, and glycerol solution (86–89%) from Sigma-Aldrich. The antibiotics were levofloxacin and teicoplanin whilst the efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) used were thioridazine and omeprazole, all from Sigma-Aldrich.

Pacífico C., Fernandes P, & de Carvalho C.C. (2018). Mycobacterial Response to Organic Solvents and Possible Implications on Cross-Resistance With Antimicrobial Agents. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 961.

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Characterization of Kurarinone Metabolism

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Kurarinone (>98%) was purchased from BioBioPha Co., Ltd. (Kunming, China). Glucose-6-phosphate, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP⁺, D-Glucose-6-phosphate, Tris-HCl, 7-hydroxycoumarin, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), 4-methylumbelliferone-β-D-glucuronide, uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA; trisodium salt), phenacetin, diclofenac, dextromethorphan, chlorzoxazone, testosterone, (S)-mephenytoin, sulfaphenazole, quinidine, clomethiazole, furafylline, ketoconazole, and omeprazole were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Metabolites of the probe substrates including 6-hydroxylated chlorzoxazone (2E1), O-deethylated phenacetin (CYP1A2), 4′-hydroxylated diclofenac (2C9), 4′-hydroxylated (S)-mephenytoin (2C19), O-demethylated dextromethorphan (2D6), and 6β-hydroxylated testosterone (3A4) were provided from the Research Institute for Liver Disease Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pooled liver microsomes from humans (HLMs), monkeys (MLMs), rabbits (RAMs), rats (RLMs), mouse (MOMs), dogs (DLMs), and minipigs (PLMs) were provided by the Research Institute for Liver Disease Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Recombinant human supersomes (UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B15, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP2C19) were obtained from BD Gentest Corp. (Woburn, MA, USA).

Qin Y., Zhu Y., Xue X., Zhou G., Li H, & Wang J. (2020). An In Vitro Study for Evaluating Permeability and Metabolism of Kurarinone. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2020, 5267684.

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Reagents for Biomedical Research

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The following reagents were purchased from Sigma: Benzyl ether (108014), Dichloromethane (270997), Fast Green FCF (F7252), Heparin (H3393), Omeprazole (O104), Pluronic L-81 (435430), Pyrantel Pamoate (P6210), Ovalbumin (grade VI, A2512; grade III A5378) and Vancomycin (V2002). LPS-free ovalbumin was from Hyglos, Germany (Cat. no 77161). ³H –retinol and Na¹²⁵I were from Perkin-Elmer. Cholera toxin was from List Biological Laboratories (Cat. no100B).

Esterházy D., Canesso M.C., Mesin L., Muller P.A., de Castro T.B., Lockhart A., ElJalby M., Faria A.M, & Mucida D. (2019). Compartmentalized gut lymph node drainage dictates adaptive immune responses. Nature, 569(7754), 126-130.

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Xanthotoxol Cytochrome P450 Inhibition

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Xanthotoxol (purity > 98%) was purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Paclitaxel, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), phenacetin, sulfaphenazole, chlorzoxazone, quinidine, clomethiazole, furafylline, 8-methoxypsoralen, coumarin, diclofenac, quercetin, dextromethorphan, ketoconazole, testosterone, S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP⁺, and D-glucose-6-phosphate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were the highest purity commercially available or HPLC grade.

Ma Z., Shi X., Zhang G., Guo F., Shan L, & Cai J. (2016). Metabolism and Metabolic Inhibition of Xanthotoxol in Human Liver Microsomes. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2016, 5416509.

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Cytokine-Induced Chemokine Regulation in Bronchial Epithelial Cells

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BEAS-2B, a human bronchial epithelial cell line transformed with a hybrid adenovirus 12-simian virus 40 was obtained from ATCC (CRL-9609, Manassas, VA). Primary HNECs were collected by epithelial scraping of IT and NP and cultured. For cytokine (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ) stimulation, submerged cultured cells were treated with 1-100ng/ml IL-13, 10ng/ml IFN-γ, 100ng/ml TNF or 50ng/ml IL-17 for 6h or 48h. To study the effects of PPIs (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO) on cytokine-induced chemokines, cells were pretreated for 2h with acid-activated omeprazole (0.1-50μM) or other PPIs: lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole (1-50μM) prior to stimulation with 5ng/ml IL-13. Additionally, SCH-28080 (1-50μM; Sigma-Aldrich) was used with the same protocol. In experiments altering extracellular K⁺ concentration ([K⁺]_e), modified Ringer's solution that contained different contents of K⁺ (0-11.2mM KCl, Table E2) was used as culture media. For mRNA stability assessment, actinomycin D (3μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich) was used and eotaxin-3 mRNA was measured using real-time PCR. Supernatants, whole cell lysates, and total RNAs were harvested for further analysis. Further detailed methods are described in this article's Online Repository.

Min J.Y., Ocampo C.J., Stevens W.W., Price C.P., Thompson C.F., Homma T., Huang J.H., Norton J.E., Suh L.A., Pothoven K.L., Conley D.B., Welch K.C., Shintani-Smith S., Peters A.T., Grammer LC I.I.I., Harris K.E., Hulse K.E., Kato A., Modyanov N.N., Kern R.C., Schleimer R.P, & Tan B.K. (2016). Proton pump inhibitors decrease eotaxin-3/CCL26 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: the possible role of the non-gastric H,K-ATPase. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 139(1), 130-141.e11.

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In vitro anti-inflammatory assay

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Dimethyl sufoxide, ethanol, formalin, HCl, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, omeprazole, and cimetidine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were obtained from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA). Brucella agar medium were purchased from Becton and Dickinson Company (Sparks, MD, USA). Assay kits for COX-2 and iNOS were from Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc. (West Grove, PA, USA). All other reagents were pharmaceutical or analytical grade.

Lee Y.I., Kim J.S., Cho J.S., Kim H.K, & Hussain A. (2019). Standardized Combined Plant Extract, RUG-com, Reduces Bacterial Levels and Suppresses Acute and Chronic Inflammation in Balb/c Mice Infected with CagA+ Helicobacter pylori.. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 24(4), 426-433.

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