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Compound microscope dm 2500

Manufactured by Leica

The Leica DM 2500 is a compound microscope designed for versatile laboratory applications. It features high-quality optics and a sturdy construction to provide clear and detailed images of specimens.

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9 protocols using compound microscope dm 2500

1

Fungal Isolation and Characterization Protocol

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Agar plugs (6 mm diam.) were taken from the edge of actively growing cultures on PDA and transferred on to the centre of 9 cm diam. Petri dishes containing 2% tap water agar supplemented with sterile pine needles (PNA; Smith et al. 1996 (link)) and potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25 °C under a 12 h near-ultraviolet light/12 h dark cycle to induce sporulation as described in recent studies (Gomes et al. 2013 (link); Lombard et al. 2014 ). Colony characters and pigment production on PNA and PDA were noted after 10 d. Colony colours were rated according to Rayner (1970) . Cultures were examined periodically for the development of ascomata and conidiomata. The morphological characteristics were examined by mounting fungal structures in clear lactic acid and 30 measurements at ×1000 magnification were determined for each isolate using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with interference contrast (DIC) optics. Descriptions, nomenclature and illustrations of taxonomic novelties are deposited in MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004a ).
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2

Morphological Characterization of Fungal Lifecycle

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Morphological observations of the sexual and asexual morph in the natural environment were based on features of the fruiting bodies produced on infected plant tissues and micromorphology, supplemented by cultural characteristics. Gross morphology of fruiting bodies was recorded using a Leica stereomicroscope (M205 FA). Perithecia, pycnidia, synnemata and stromata were observed and described. To test ascomatal wall reactions, 3% KOH and 100% lactic acid (LA) were used. The micromorphological characteristics were examined by mounting fungal structures in clear lactic acid and 30 measurements at 1000× magnification were determined for each isolate using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. Colony characters and pigment production on PDA were noted after 10 d. Colony colours were described according to Rayner (1970) . Longitudinal descriptions, nomenclature and illustrations of taxonomic novelties are deposited in MycoBank (http://www.MycoBank.org; Crous et al. 2004 ).
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3

Micromorphological Characterization of Fungal Structures

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Morphological observations of the asexual/sexual morph in the natural environment were based on features of the conidiomata or ascomata on infected plant tissues and micromorphology, supplemented by cultural characteristics. Ascomata and conidiomata from tree barks were sectioned by hand, using a double-edged blade and structures were observed under a dissecting microscope. The gross morphology of conidiomata or ascomata was recorded using a Leica stereomicroscope (M205 FA). Fungal structures were mounted in clear lactic acid and micromorphological characteristics were examined using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. Thirty measurements of each structure were determined for each collection. Colony characters and pigment production on PDA were noted after 10 d. Colony colors were described according to Rayner (1970) .
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4

Morphological Characterization of Fungal Pathogens

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Samples were observed on infected plant tissues including the structure and size of fruiting bodies. The photographs of the macro-morphological characteristics were recorded using a Leica stereomicroscope (M205 FA) while the micro-morphological observations were determined under a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with differential interference contrast (DIC). Over 20 fruiting bodies were sectioned, both vertically and horizontally, and 50 conidia were selected randomly to get the measurement of their length and width. Cultural characteristics, including the colony characters and the production of pigment of isolates on PDA incubated at 25 °C in the dark were recorded, after 3, 7, and 30-days growth [19 ].
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5

Fungal Characterization on Agar Substrates

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Agar plugs (6 mm diam.) were taken from the edge of actively growing cultures on PDA and transferred on to the centre of 9 cm diam Petri dishes containing 2% tap water agar supplemented with sterile pine needles (PNA; Smith et al. 1996 (link)) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 20–21 °C under a 12 h near-ultraviolet light/12 h dark cycle to induce sporulation as described in recent studies (Gomes et al. 2013 (link), Lombard et al. 2014 (link)). Colony characters and pigment production on PNA and PDA were noted after 10 d. Colony colours were rated according to Rayner (1970) . Cultures were examined periodically for the development of ascomata and conidiomata. The morphological characteristics were examined by mounting fungal structures in clear lactic acid and 30 measurements at 1000× magnification were determined for each isolate using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with interference contrast (DIC) optics. Descriptions, nomenclature and illustrations of taxonomic novelties are deposited in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org; Crous et al. 2004b ).
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6

Fungal Morphology Characterization on PDA

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Colony characteristics of cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium were recorded after 7 d incubation at 25 °C. Fungal morphology was recorded from colonies grown in the dark for 14 d at 25 °C on PDA. The morphological characteristics were examined by mounting fungal structures in clear lactic acid and 30 measurements at ×1000 magnification were determined for each isolate using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with interference contrast (DIC) optics. Descriptions, nomenclature, and illustrations of taxonomic novelties are deposited in MycoBank [22 ].
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7

Inducing Fungal Sporulation on Pine Needles

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Agar plugs (6 mm diam.) were taken from the edge of actively-growing cultures on PDA and transferred on to the centre of 9 cm diam. Petri dishes containing 2% tap water agar, supplemented with sterile pine needles (PNA; Smith et al. 1996 (link)) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C under a 12 h near-ultraviolet light/12 h dark cycle to induce sporulation, as described in recent studies (Gomes et al. 2013 (link); Lombard et al. 2014 (link)). Colony characters and pigment production on PNA and PDA were noted in the 10-day culture. Colony features were rated according to the colour charts of Rayner (1970) . Cultures were examined periodically for the development of conidiomata. The microscopic examination was based on the morphological features of conidiomata obtained from the fungal growth, mounted in clear lactic acid. At least 30 conidia were measured to calculate the mean size/length. Micro-morphological observations were done at 1000× magnification using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with interference contrast (DIC) optics. Descriptions, nomenclature and illustrations of taxonomic novelties were deposited at MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org).
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8

Fungal Isolation and Characterization Protocol

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Agar plugs (6 mm diam.) were taken from the edge of actively growing cultures on PDA and transferred on to the centre of 9 cm diam. Petri dishes containing 2% tap water agar supplemented with sterile pine needles (PNA; Smith et al. (1996) (link)) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C under a 12 h near-ultraviolet light/12 h dark cycle to induce sporulation as described in recent studies (Gomes et al. 2013 (link); Lombard et al. 2014 (link)). Colony characters and pigment production on PNA and PDA were noted after 10 d. Colony colours were rated according to Rayner (1970) . Cultures were examined periodically for the development of ascomata and conidiomata. The morphological characteristics were examined by mounting fungal structures in clear lactic acid and 30 measurements at 1000× magnification were determined for each isolate using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with interference contrast (DIC) optics. Descriptions, nomenclature and illustrations of taxonomic novelties are deposited in MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004a ).
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9

Fungal Sporulation and Characterization

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Agar plugs (6 mm diam) were taken from the edge of actively growing cultures on PDA and transferred onto the centre of 9 cm diam Petri dishes containing 2% tap water agar supplemented with sterile pine needles (PNA) (Smith et al. 1996 (link)) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C under a 12 h near-ultraviolet light/12 h dark cycle to induce sporulation as described in recent studies (Gomes et al. 2013 (link); Lombard et al. 2014 (link)). Colony characters and pigment production on PNA and PDA were noted in the 10-day culture. Colony features were rated according to the color charts of Rayner (1970) . Cultures were examined periodically for the development of conidiomata. The microscopic examination was based on the morphological features of conidiomata obtained from the fungal growth mounted in clear lactic acid. At least 30 conidiomata and conidia were measured to calculate the mean size/length. Micro-morphological observations were done at ×1000 magnification using a Leica compound microscope (DM 2500) with interference contrast (DIC) optics. Descriptions, nomenclature, and illustrations of taxonomic novelties were deposited at MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org) (Crous et al. 2004 ).
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