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17 protocols using 2 4 dichlorophenol

1

Arabidopsis Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis

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All A. thaliana lines used are in the Columbia-0 (Col-0) background. The T-DNA insertional mutants of SALK_073461 and emb2421 were obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Center. Primers used in this investigation are listed in table S4.
Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana plants were grown in greenhouse at 22°C under long-day condition (16 hours light and 8 hours dark). CoQ4, CoQ6, CoQ8, CoQ9, CoQ10, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol, 2-hydroxybiphenyl, and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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2

Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds and Metals

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All the chemicals used were at least of analytical grade. Toluene was purchased from Honeywell (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA). 4-nitrophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,3,5-trichrolophenol, humic acids, ammonia solution, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). Quinine hemisulfate monohydrate (98%, suitable for fluorescence) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Alfa Aesar, Karlsruhe, Germany). Stock metal solutions (Mn2+, Fe3+, Ag+, As5+, Se4+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Li+, Cd2+, K+, Na+, Hg2+ and Ca2+) were obtained from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Amino acids (lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, histidine, arginine, tyrosine, threonine, proline, serine, glycine, tryptophan, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, alanine and valine) were acquired from Fluka (Fluka, Seelze, Germany). Stock solutions of 4-NP were prepared in amber glass vials and stored at room temperature. All the experiments were conducted using double distilled water (DDW).
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3

Enzymatic Assays for Phenolic Compounds

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Potassium permanganate (KMnO4, ≥ 99%), citric acid (≥ 99.5%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (≥ 98%), laccase from Trametes versicolor (≥ 0.5 U/mg), bovine serum albumin (BSA, ≥ 96%), horseradish peroxidase (HRP, ≥ 250 U/mg), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES, ≥ 99%), 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES, 99%), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DP, ≥ 98%), 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AP, ≥ 97%), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS, ≥ 98%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30% aqueous solution), dopamine hydrochloride (≥ 98%), epinephrine (≥ 99%), phenol (99.0-100.5%), bisphenol A (≥ 99%), hydroquinone (≥ 99%), catechol (≥ 95%), 2-naphthol (≥ 99%), crystal violet (≥ 96%), neutral red (≥ 90%), and rhodamine B (≥ 95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Deionized water purified using a Milli-Q Purification System (Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) was used to prepare all solutions. All chemicals were of analytical grade or higher and used as received without further purification.
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Silica-Based Hybrid Materials

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Methanol (technical grade), acetone (technical grade), 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (analytical reagent grade), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (analytical reagent grade) and 25 m/m% ammonia solution (analytical reagent grade) were purchased from Molar Chemicals Kft. (Hungary). Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) (purum), 3-chlorophenol (98 %) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (99 %) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) and 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (3-IPTES) were purchased from ABCR GmbH (Germany). Phenol (analytical reagent grade), copper acetate (reagent grade) and iron(II) sulfate (reagent grade) were acquired from Reanal Finomvegyszergyár Zrt. (Hungary). Carbon dioxide cylinder was purchased from Linde Gáz Magyarország Zrt. (Debrecen, Hungary). All the reagents were used without any further purification.
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5

Halloysite-Based Adsorption of Chlorophenols

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Halloysite was obtained from the “Dunino” strip mine, Intermark Company, Legnica, Poland. Phenol ≥ 99%, 2-, 3-, 4-chloroPhenol ≥ 99%, 2-, 4-dichloroPhenol ≥ 99% were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Poznań, Poland. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide ([(C16H33)N(CH3)3]Br and 2-, 4-, 6-trichlorofenol ≥ 98% were acquired from MERCK, Darmstadt, Germany. Sodium chloride 95% was from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A, Gliwice, Poland. Deionized water (1.74 μs∙cm−1, temp. 25 °C) (Direct-Q UV Water Purification System, MerckMillipore, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA) was used through all experiments.
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6

2,4-Dichlorophenol Extraction Protocol

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2,4-Dichlorophenol (99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Organic solvents (acetonitrile and chloroform) were of HPLC grade (Fisher Chemical, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).
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7

Standardized Analytical Procedures for Chemicals

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Chemicals such as p-benzoquinone (CAS No. 106–51-4) (98% purity), isopropanol (CAS No. 67–63-0) (99.5% purity), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (CAS No. 120–83-2) (≥ 98.5% purity) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich supplied. Acetic acid (glacial) AR (CAS No. 64–19-7) (100% purity), phosphoric acid (CAS No.) (% purity), potassium hydrogen phthalate (CAS No. 877–24-7) (≥ 99.5% purity), and sodium hydroxide (CAS No. 1310–73-2) (≥ 97.0% purity) were obtained from Merck. Illovo provided ethanol (CAS No. 64–17-5) (99.9% purity). Silver nitrate, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium iodide, and triethanolamine were supplied by Glass World, South Africa. All chemicals were used as received.
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8

Diverse Halogenated Compounds: Preparation and Analysis

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PCE, TCE, cDCE, trans-dichloroethene (tDCE) vinyl chloride (VC), ethene (ETH), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), 2,4- dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), chlorophenol (CP), 2,6-DBP, 3-bromophenol (3-BP), 2-bromophenol (2-BP), 2,4,6-triiodophenol (2,4,6-TIP), 2,6-diiodophenol (2,6-DIP), 2,4-diiodophenol (2,4-DIP), 2-iodophenol (2-IP) and 4-iodophenol (4-IP), phenol, 1,4-dibromobenzene (1,4-DBB), bromobenzene (BB), and benzene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfate (0.5 M) and lactate (0.5 M) stock solutions were prepared by filter sterilization (syringe filter, 0.2 µm, mdimembrane, Ambala Cantt, India). All other (in)organic chemicals were of analytical grade.
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9

Fabrication and Functionalization of ETAS Adsorbents

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Example 8

The following example describes the materials used in the fabrication and/or functionialization of the ETAS adsorbents. Pyrrole, chloroform, methanol, conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (diameter: 6-9 nm, purity: 95%), sodium perchlorate, tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, Sudan Orange G™ (SOG), 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-naphthol, 1-naphthylamine, bisphenol A, bisphenol S, metolachlor, ethinyl estradiol, propranolol hydrochloride, methyl orange, and rhodamine B were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, and were used as received throughout the study, without further purification or chemical modification unless otherwise noted. Polyvinylferrocene with a molecular weight of 50,000 g/mol was obtained from Polysciences and used as received. A platinum wire auxiliary electrode and an Ag/AgCl (3 M NaCl) reference electrode were purchased from BASi and stored as instructed. Flexible carbon cloths were obtained from FuelCellStore and used as received without pretreatment prior to electrochemical functionalization by electroactive polymers.

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10

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

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Zinc acetate dihydrates (Zn (CH3COO)2·2H2O), hydrazine monohydrate (NH2–NH2·H2O), 2,4-dichlorophenol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methylene blue, ethanol and KBr were obtained from Merck, South Africa. Ultrapure de-ionized water (resistivity > 18.5 MΩ cm) was used to prepare the working solutions and this is obtained from water purification systems (Milli-Q, Millipore). All solvents and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were of reagent grade.
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