Paraformaldehyde solution

Manufactured by Electron Microscopy Sciences

Sourced in United States

The 4% paraformaldehyde solution is a fixative used in various laboratory applications. It is a chemically stable form of formaldehyde, commonly used for preserving and stabilizing biological samples prior to analysis or further processing.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

Close spelling variants of this product

Paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution (2 citations) Paraformaldehyde (16% solution) (2 citations) Paraformaldehyde aqueous solution (7 citations) Paraformaldehyde (formaldehyde) aqueous solution (20%) (2 citations) Paraformaldehyde (PFA) (32% aqueous solution) (2 citations) Paraformaldehyde stock solution (3 citations) Fresh 10% paraformaldehyde solution (2 citations)

45 protocols using paraformaldehyde solution

Osteogenic Differentiation Assay

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

We purchased Whatman 114 filter paper, glycerol-2-phosphate, ascorbic acid, alizarin red S and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). We obtained the paraformaldehyde solution (16% (v/v)) from Electron Microscopy Sciences (Hatfield, PA). Mouse antibodies to Osteocalcin and Alexa 647-labeled antibodies to rabbit IgG were supplied by Abcam (Cambridge, MA). We purchased trypsin-EDTA, penicillin-streptomycin, phalloidin (Texas Red-X), fetal calf serum (FCS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), alpha-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) medium, and Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). We bought the OsteoImage kit from Lonza Walkersville Inc. (Walkersville, MD). We used all of the reagents as received without further purification.

Camci-Unal G., Laromaine A., Hong E., Derda R, & Whitesides G.M. (2016). Biomineralization Guided by Paper Templates. Scientific Reports, 6, 27693.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Cell Culture Reagent Preparation Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Minimum essential medium (MEM; cat. # 10-010-CV), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; cat. # 21-031-CV), and MEM non-essential amino acids (NEAA; cat. # 25-025-CI) were purchased from Corning (New York, NY, USA). Trypsin (cat. # 25300), penicillin-streptomycin solution (PenStrep; cat. # 15140-122), and L-glutamine (L-Gln; cat. # 25030081) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS; cat. # F2442), silicone (cat. # Z273554), 10 mm × 10 mm cloning cylinders (cat. # CLS316610), and extracellular matrix gel (ECM gel; cat. # E1270) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Low-e microscope slides were purchased from Kevley Technologies (cat. # CFR, Chesterland, OH, USA). Paraformaldehyde solution was purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences (cat. # 15710, Hatfield, PA, USA).

Wilkins J.M., Gakh O., Guo Y., Popescu B., Staff N.P, & Lucchinetti C.F. (2023). Biomolecular alterations detected in multiple sclerosis skin fibroblasts using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 17, 1223912.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Droplet Generation and Imaging Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

QX200 Droplet Generation Oil was purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). High voltage power supplies were purchased from Bertan High Voltage Corp. (Hicksville, NY). A 488 nm laser with a CDRH LP 1041441 AG power supply was purchased from Coherent Inc. (Santa Clara, CA). Avalanche photodiodes (SPCM-AQRH-11-FC) were purchased from Excelitas Technologies (Waltham, MA). A Pump 33 DDS was purchased from Harvard Apparatus (Holliston, MA). Trihloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane (97%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Calbiochem Tween 20, sucrose, and dextrose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). FM 1-43 dye was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific; 100 μg of FM 1-43 was dissolved in 46 μl of DMSO. Buffer solution was composed of 8.0% sucrose, 0.3% dextrose, and 0.1% BSA in 1 mM Tris pH 8.3. Paraformaldehyde solution (4%) was purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences (Hatfield, PA). Costar 3595 96-well (~6.9 mm inlet DI) TC-Treated micro-plates was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Qin Y., Wu L., Wang J., Han R., Shen J., Wang J., Xu S., Paguirigan A.L., Smith J.L., Radich J.P, & Chiu D.T. (2019). A Fluorescence-Activated Single-Droplet Dispenser for High Accuracy Single-Droplet and Single-Cell Sorting and Dispensing. Analytical chemistry, 91(10), 6815-6819.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

PLGA-Based Nanoparticle Formulation for Anti-inflammatory Effects

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

PLGA (Mw = 38–54 kg/mol), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, 86-89% hydrolyzed, low molecular weight), CUR, dichloromethane (DCM), ABC, Triton X-100 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Paraformaldehyde solution (16%) was purchased from Electron Microscopy Science (Hatfield, USA). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Invitrogen (Eugene, USA). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Kit and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Kit were supplied by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 36–50 kDa) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Aurora, USA). Buffered formalin (10%) was received from EMD Millipore (Billerica, USA). Hematoxylin and eosin were supplied by Richard-Allan Scientific (Kalamazoo, USA). All commercial products were used without further purification.

Chen Q., Si X., Ma L., Ma P., Hou M., Bai S., Wu X., Wan Y., Xiao B, & Merlin D. (2017). Oral delivery of curcumin via porous polymeric nanoparticles for effective ulcerative colitis therapy. Journal of materials chemistry. B, Materials for biology and medicine, 5(29), 5881-5891.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Visualizing Lipid Storage and Lysosomes in NSCs

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

10,000 cells/well NSCs were seeded in black, clear bottom, CELLstart coated 96-well plates with 10 μM ROCK inhibitor and grown overnight. The following day, the media was removed and the cells were then treated with 10% FBS-supplemented media for another 48 h. Cells were then stained with either Nile red or LysoTracker dye.
For Nile red staining, NSCs were incubated at 37 °C for 10 min with 1 μM Nile red (ThermoFisher) in media without FBS to visualize neutral lipid storage. Cells were washed three times with DPBS containing calcium and magnesium and then fixed at room temperature for 25 min with 3.2% paraformaldehyde solution (Electron Microscopy Services) containing 0.3 μg/mL Hoechst 33,342 (ThermoFisher) diluted in DPBS. Cells were washed once with DPBS and then imaged with an IN Cell Analyzer 2200.
For LysoTracker staining, NSCs were incubated at 37 °C for 1 h with 50 nM LysoTracker Red (ThermoFisher) in media without FBS to visualize lysosomes. Cells were washed three times with DPBS with calcium and magnesium and then fixed at room temperature for 25 min with 3.2% paraformaldehyde solution containing 0.3 μg/mL Hoechst 33,342 diluted in DPBS. Cells were washed once with DPBS and then imaged with an IN Cell Analyzer 2200.

Aguisanda F., Yeh C.D., Chen C.Z., Li R., Beers J., Zou J., Thorne N, & Zheng W. (2017). Neural stem cells for disease modeling of Wolman disease and evaluation of therapeutics. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 12, 120.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Visualizing mCherry Fusion Proteins in HEK293 Cells

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

HEK293 cells were obtained from ECACC (Catalogue number 85120602) and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Invitrogen), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen). Transfection was performed using GeneJuice (Merck-Millipore). The cells were seeded onto coverslips coated with poly-L-lysine (Sigma). At 36 h post-transfection, cells were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 10 min at room temperature. The mCherry fusion proteins were visualized by direct fluorescence, nuclei were visualized with Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen). Fluorescence images were obtained using an Axiovert A-1 fluorescent microscope with ZEN Image Software (Zeiss).

Snijders Blok L., Rousseau J., Twist J., Ehresmann S., Takaku M., Venselaar H., Rodan L.H., Nowak C.B., Douglas J., Swoboda K.J., Steeves M.A., Sahai I., Stumpel C.T., Stegmann A.P., Wheeler P., Willing M., Fiala E., Kochhar A., Gibson W.T., Cohen A.S., Agbahovbe R., Innes A.M., Au P.Y., Rankin J., Anderson I.J., Skinner S.A., Louie R.J., Warren H.E., Afenjar A., Keren B., Nava C., Buratti J., Isapof A., Rodriguez D., Lewandowski R., Propst J., van Essen T., Choi M., Lee S., Chae J.H., Price S., Schnur R.E., Douglas G., Wentzensen I.M., Zweier C., Reis A., Bialer M.G., Moore C., Koopmans M., Brilstra E.H., Monroe G.R., van Gassen K.L., van Binsbergen E., Newbury-Ecob R., Bownass L., Bader I., Mayr J.A., Wortmann S.B., Jakielski K.J., Strand E.A., Kloth K., Bierhals T., Roberts J.D., Petrovich R.M., Machida S., Kurumizaka H., Lelieveld S., Pfundt R., Jansen S., Deriziotis P., Faivre L., Thevenon J., Assoum M., Shriberg L., Kleefstra T., Brunner H.G., Wade P.A., Fisher S.E, & Campeau P.M. (2018). CHD3 helicase domain mutations cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome with macrocephaly and impaired speech and language. Nature Communications, 9, 4619.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Optic Nerve Dissection and Histological Analysis

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Animal were euthanized by an intravenous overdose of pentobarbital sodium (120-180 mg/kg). Immediately following euthanasia, animals were transcardially perfused with ice-cold 0.1 M PBS (100 mM phosphate, 154 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.4), followed by 4% paraformaldehyde solution in 0.1 M PBS (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Washington, PA). Eyes were enucleated and fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS (Electron Microscopy Sciences) at 4 °C, then transferred to 0.4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS for storage at 4 °C. An approximately 2-mm long segment of optic nerve was dissected 2 mm posterior to the globe. Shallow radial orientation cuts were made, one superiorly and two temporally, before postfixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde/0.1 M PBS for 48 h at 4 °C. Nerve samples were then osmicated in 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M PBS, rinsed, and dehydrated through an ascending series of alcohol treatments before routine epoxy resin embedding and sectioning. Semithin (1-µm) sections were stained with 1% p-phenylenediamine (PPD) for evaluation by light microscopy.

Teixeira L.B., Buhr K.A., Bowie O., Duke F.D., Nork T.M., Dubielzig R.R, & McLellan G.J. (2014). Quantifying optic nerve axons in a cat glaucoma model by a semi-automated targeted counting method. Molecular Vision, 20, 376-385.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Electron Microscopy of Mouse Hearts

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Mouse hearts were perfused in a retrograde way through the ascending aorta with heart solution, followed by paraformaldehyde solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences, cat. no. 15710), and then fixed by formaldehyde. Fixed hearts were embedded with gelatin/albumin, and sliced in 200–300 μm sections using Vibratome (Leica). Sections were fixed using glutaraldehyde, and DAB staining was carried out using the same protocol used for cultured cells. For standard low-voltage transmission EM (TEM) and EM tomography, post-fixation staining was performed with osmium tetroxide. For scanning EM (SEM), post-fixation staining was performed with osmium tetroxide and potassium ferrocyanide (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 60178). The sections were further incubated with uranyl acetate, dehydrated in a graded ethanol, infiltrated in Durcupan ACM resin, and polymerized in a vacuum oven.

Hatani T., Funakoshi S., Deerinck T.J., Bushong E.A., Kimura T., Takeshima H., Ellisman M.H., Hoshijima M, & Yoshida Y. (2018). Nano-structural Analysis of Engrafted Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in Mouse Hearts Using a Genetic-probe APEX2. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 505(4), 1251-1256.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Ultrastructural Analysis of Mouse Respiratory Tract

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

To analyze the mouse respiratory tract, we excised the mouse respiratory tract after HRV1B infection with or without pochonin D treatment. The tissues were washed with PBS, and then fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde (Ted Pella, Redding, CA, USA) and 1% paraformaldehyde solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) for 4 h. After fixation, the tissues were rinsed thrice in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) (pH 7.4), for 10 min. Samples were then sequentially immersed in 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% ethanol (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) for 20 min each. Samples were then immersed in ethanol and isoamyl acetate (Sigma-Aldrich) buffer, and dried. The dried samples were observed using a SUPRA55V VP-FESEM (Carl Zeiss) at the Korean Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon.

Song J.H., Shim A., Kim Y.J., Ahn J.H., Kwon B.E., Pham T.T., Lee J., Chang S.Y, & Ko H.J. (2018). Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pochonin D, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, against Rhinovirus Infection. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 26(6), 576-583.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Fixation and Immunolabeling of MII Oocytes

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

For all groups (Group GV-Vit, Group MII-Vit, and Group not-Vit, see experimental design in Figure 1), the MII oocytes obtained by in vitro maturation [20–48 h] were fixed with 2% (w/v) paraformaldehyde solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA USA), 0.5% (w/v) Tritón X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich^®, Saint Louis, MO, USA), and 1μmol/L of Taxol^® (Paclitaxel, Sigma-Aldrich) in phoshate-buffered saline without calcium or magnesium, pH 7.4 (PBS, Biowest, Nuaillé, France) for 30 min at 37 °C and 5% (v/v) CO₂. Oocytes where then washed three times for 15 min in PBS and stored in 2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 mol/L of glycine (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.01% (w/v) Triton X-100, and PBS until they were immunolabeled (see Figure 1). All reagents were aliquoted in PBS except of Taxol, that as recommended by the commercial company was aliquoted in DMSO.

Peinado I., Moya I., Sáez-Espinosa P., Barrera M., García-Valverde L., Francés R., Torres P, & Gómez-Torres M.J. (2021). Impact of Maturation and Vitrification Time of Human GV Oocytes on the Metaphase Plate Configuration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1125.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

About PubCompare

Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.

We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.

However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.

Ready to get started?

Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!