ester (TMRM), Thiol Tracker Violet, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein
diacetate (carboxy-H2DCFDA), MitoProbe Transition Pore
Assay Kit, Pierce Protease Inhibitor Mini Tablets, Pierce Phosphatase
Inhibitor Mini Tablets, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2),
Supersignal West Pico Luminiscent Substrate, Supersignal West Femto
Maximum Sensitivity Substrate, oligo-dT primers, RevertAid Reverse
Transcriptase, and PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix were purchased from
Thermo Fisher Scientific. RSG, CsA, Nuclear Extraction Kit, PPARγ
Transcription Factor Assay Kit, and anti-cyclophilin D (ref ab110324,
lot GR3373678-3) and anti-lamin B1 (ref ab16048, lot GR3244890-1)
antibodies were obtained from Abcam. Anti-PPARγ (ref MAB3827,
lot 2470389) and anti-β-actin (ref MAB1501, lot 3800739) antibodies,
HDAC3 Activity Assay Kit, PVDF membrane, and other reagent grade chemicals
were purchased from Merck. Locke’s buffer was composed of 154
mM NaCl, 5.6 mM KCl, 1.3 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 5.6 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES. Compounds were dissolved in DMSO,
and serial dilutions were done in cell medium. Vehicle concentration
was always kept under 0.5% in cell treatments. Control cells were
treated with the higher DMSO concentration used in each assay to test
the vehicle effect.