Disodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate

Monosodium phosphate monohydrate (NaH₂PO₄, ≥98%), disodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate (Na₂HPO₄, 98–102%), acetonitrile (CH₃CN, ≥99.5%), ethyl acetate (EA, ≥99.5%), N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, ≥99%), d-(+)-glucose (≥99.5%), potassium chloride (KCl, ≥99%), potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆, ≥97%), and glucose oxidase (GOx from Aspergillus niger, 179 U·mg⁻¹) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) and used as received. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄, ≥99%) was obtained from Acros Organics (Acros Organics BVBA, Geel, Belgium) and used as received. Commercial-grade multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, Ø = 9.5 mm, 1.9 µm length, ≥95% purity) were obtained from Nanocyl (Nanocyl SA, Sambreville, Belgium) and used as received without further purification. Synthesis of pyrene-adamantane and β-cyclodextrin tagged glucose oxidase is described in the group’s previous work [34 (link)]. Aqueous solutions were prepared using ≥15 MΩ·cm distilled water from a Millipore (Millipore Co., Burlington, MA, USA) Ultrapure system. Enzymes were stored at −20 °C. Glucose solutions were left to mutarotate overnight to β-d-glucose prior to use.

β-Lactoglobulin (β-LG), polyethylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 8000 g mol⁻¹ (PEG8000), guanidine hydrochloride (GdHCl), 1,6-hexanediol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), thioflavin T (ThT), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (NaH₂PO₄·H₂O), disodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate (Na₂HPO₄·7H₂O), p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB), p-nitrophenyl valerate (PNPV), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), caproic acid (hexanoic acid), deuterium oxide (D₂O), dextran and sodium acetate trihydrate (CH₃COONa·3H₂O) were used as received from Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A. β-LG (>90%) contains genetic variants β-lactoglobulins A and B (β-LG A and β-LG B). Dyes 7-(diethylamino)-3-(4-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methyl coumarin (CPM), 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl]amino) fluorescein hydrochloride (5-DTAF) and rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A. All the chemicals were of the highest grade and were used without any further purification. Phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) solutions were prepared using deionized Milli-Q water. Milli-Q water was obtained from a Millipore water purifier system (Milli-Q integral). The concentration of β-LG was 5 μM for CD spectroscopic measurements. For all other characterization studies, the concentration of β-LG was 50 μM.

Chitosan (CS, 200–500 kDa) was purchased from Charming & Beauty Co., Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan). Sodium hyaluronic acid (HA, 310 kDa) was purchased from Carelife Technology Corp. (Taipei, Taiwan). 2-Aminoethanethiol (cysteamine) and 1-ethyl-3-(-3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Sodium hydroxide, monochloroacetic acid, disodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate, calcium chloride, isopropyl alcohol, dopamine hydrochloride (Dopa), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium (NHS), doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox), HEPES, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), glutathione (GSH) and Hoechst 33342 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Negative control siRNA (siNC, sense strand: 5′-UUC UCC GAA CGU GUC ACG UTT-3′, anti-sense: 5′-ACG UGA CAC GUU CGG AGA ATT-3′), FAM-labeled negative control siRNA (FAM-siRNA) and Bcl-2 siRNA (siBcl-2, sense: 5′-GUA CAU CCA UUA UAA GCU GdTdT-3′, anti-sense: 5′-CAG CUU AUA AUG GAU GUA C-dTdT-3′) were purchased from GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Nuclease-free water and 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman’s reagent) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). A Qubit™ RNA BR assay kit was purchased from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA). Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 was purchased from Roche (Basel, Switzerland).