Amoxicillin

Manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline

Sourced in Spain

Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin and functions by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, leading to cell death. Amoxicillin is available in various dosage forms and can be administered orally.

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6 protocols using amoxicillin

Dental Implant Surgical Protocol

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All patients were treated by the same surgeon (A-P, R). The implants used in the trial were Vega Klockner implants (Escaldes-Engordany, Andorra) with internal hexagonal connection associated with conical geometry. These implants are fabricated from grade IV titanium with two-stage surface treatment (alumina sandblasting and thermochemical treatment). All implants were placed following the same surgical protocol: implants were placed at bone crest level in nongrafted mature bone using full-thickness surgical flap without releasing, making a supracrestal intrasulcular incision from the adjacent teeth (Figure 3).
After surgery, 1 g Amoxicillin was administered (GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain), or Clindamycin 300 mg in case of allergy, one every 8 h for 7 days; and 600 mg ibuprofen (Bexistar, Laboratorio Bacino, Barcelona, Spain) as postoperative medication. As coadjuvant treatment, 0.12% Chlorhexidine mouthwash was prescribed (GUM, John O. Butler/Sunstar, Chicago, IL, USA) three times per day.
After surgery, patients returned for check-ups one week, one month, and three months later, when prosthetic loading was performed.

Agustín-Panadero R., Bustamante-Hernández N., Solá-Ruíz M.F., Zubizarreta-Macho Á., Fons-Font A, & Fernández-Estevan L. (2019). Influence of Biologically Oriented Preparation Technique on Peri-Implant Tissues; Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial with Three-Year Follow-Up. Part I: Hard Tissues. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(12), 2183.

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Postoperative Antibiotic and Oral Care Regimen

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The patients were given antibiotics (875 mg amoxicillin and 125 mg clavulanic acid) (1000 mg tablets; GlaxoSmithKline, Istanbul, Turkey) twice a day for seven days, analgesics (550 mg naproxen sodium; Bilim Ilac, Istanbul, Turkey) twice a day for seven days, mouthwash (CHX digluconate rinses; 0.12%; Drogsan, Ankara, Turkey) twice a day for four weeks, and provided with a diet program [33] . Patients were informed that the drugs and mouthwashes should be taken at the appropriate dose and time intervals and were reminded to follow their oral hygiene instructions. Sutures were removed two weeks after surgery. The patients were examined two, four, six, twelve weeks, and nine months after surgery. Maintenance appointments were scheduled every month for the duration of the study for clinical evaluations and to reinforce oral hygiene instructions. Professional maintenance (gentle supragingival debridement) was performed at follow-up appointments-if necessary. Neither probing nor subgingival instrumentation was used until nine months after surgery. Surgical procedures were completed within two months. There were no cases of infection or other adverse complications at any treatment site throughout the study.

Ozkal Eminoglu D., Arabaci T, & Oztas Sahiner G.A. (2024). The effect of titanium-platelet rich fibrin on periodontal intrabony defects: A randomized controlled split-mouth clinical study. PloS one, 19(6).

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Prophylactic Antibiotic Regimen for TMJ

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Augmentin 1-g tablets (equivalent to Amoxicillin 875 mg and clavulanic acid 125 mg, Glaxo SmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd., USA) twice daily for 6 days to prevent any chance of TMJ infection.

Attia A.A, & Awad S.S. (2023). Hyaluronic Acid and Platelet-Rich Plasma Mixture Versus Hyaluronic Acid and Corticosteroid in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Internal Derangement: A Comparative Randomized Study. Journal of Maxillofacial & Oral Surgery.

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Chemical Reagents for Analytical Testing

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The chemicals used in the present work were purchased from various companies. Sodium nitrite, potassium persulfate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, ferric chloride, monosodium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid, disodium hydrogenphosphate, Rutin, Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), gallic acid from Riedel-de-Haen (Seelze, Germany), ammonium molybdate, linoleic acid, ferrous chloride tetrahydrate and aluminum chloride from BDH Labs (Cambridge, England), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ascorbic acid from MP Biomedicals (Illkirch, France), sodium acetate from Daejung (Siheung City, Korea), ammonium thiocyanate from Alfa-Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany), amoxicillin from GlaxoSmithKline (Karachi, Pakistan) and trichloroacetic acid, TPTZ (2,4,6 tripyridyl-s-triazine), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).

Ahmed D., Khan M.M, & Saeed R. (2015). Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic, Hexanic and Aqueous Extracts from Adiantum caudatum Leaves. Antioxidants, 4(2), 394-409.

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Amoxicillin Reactivity and Protein Labeling

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Amoxicillin was from Glaxo Smithkline Beecham (Madrid, Spain). Deuterium oxide for NMR studies (D₂O) was from Panreac Química SAU (Barcelona, Spain). Potassium phosphate buffer (PBS) for ¹H-NMR reactivity studies was prepared in 99.8% D₂O at pH 7.4. HRP-Streptavidin and ECL system were from GE Healthcare. Alexa-488 streptavidin was from Molecular Probes. Albumin from human serum, phorbol myristate acetate, iodoacetamide and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) were from Sigma. Biotin-NHS ester was from Aldrich.

Ariza A., Collado D., Vida Y., Montañez M.I., Pérez-Inestrosa E., Blanca M., Torres M.J., Cañada F.J, & Pérez-Sala D. (2014). Study of Protein Haptenation by Amoxicillin Through the Use of a Biotinylated Antibiotic. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90891.

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Population PK Study of Intravenous Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid in ICU Dogs

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This prospective population PK study involving client-owned dogs was carried out at a University teaching hospital. Dogs hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) with prescribed IV AMC acid (Augmentin® 1.2 g for reconstitution as an IV injection or infusion: 1 g of amoxicillin as amoxicillin sodium and 200 mg of clavulanic acid as potassium clavulanate; GlaxoSmithKline UK, Brentford, UK) and with a sampling line placed, such as a long stay or central venous catheter, placed for clinical reasons only, were eligible for the study. Dogs that had already received IV AMC prior to study enrolment were eligible for inclusion, as long as previous doses and administration times were exactly known. Exclusion criteria were dogs with body weight of <10 kg, packed cell volume of <20%, and previous oral or subcutaneous administration of AMC within the previous 2 and 7 days respectively.

Vegas Cómitre M.D., Cortellini S., Cherlet M., Devreese M., Roques B.B., Bousquet-Melou A., Toutain P.L, & Pelligand L. (2021). Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Amoxicillin Combined With Clavulanic Acid in Healthy and Critically Ill Dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 770202.

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