Fluorescein disodium salt

T2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), fluorescein disodium salt, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, Gallic acid, catechin, 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA), ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchase from Sigma-Aldrich. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), antimycin A, Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were purchase from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA).

Silymarin (reference hepatoprotective), Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 2,2¨ -azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), fluorescein disodium salt, [(±)-6-hydroxyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethlychromane-2-carboxylic acid] (Trolox), Gallic acid and thiobarbituric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Solvents were of LC-MS grade (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany). All other chemicals used were of highest analytical grade.

The phenolic standards gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and rutin hydrate, as well as 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and fluorescein disodium salt were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade methanol, acetic acid, formic acid, LCMS-grade acetonitrile and all other chemicals were procured from ThermoFisher Scientific (West Palm Beach, FL, USA).

2,2′-azobis (2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), fluorescein disodium salt, cobalt (II) fluoride tetrahydrate and gallic acid were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Picollinic acid was purchased from Fluka (Deisenhofen, Germany). All other solvents used were of analytical grade and obtained from local producers.

Vitamin C (VC) tablets were purchased from Sanjing Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Harbin, China). Trolox, fluorescein disodium salt and 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). A mitochondria extraction kit and mitochondrial membrane potential assay kits were purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Guangzhou, China). Janus Green B (JC-B), a mitochondrial ROS fluorescence detection assay kit, a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I kit and a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II kit were all purchased from Shanghai GenMed Scientifics Inc. (Shanghai, China). Goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) kit were purchased from Multisciences (Hangzhou, China). Rabbit anti-inducible iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Boston, USA). The anti-mouse β-actin (1:2000) antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, Texas, USA). All other reagents were made in China and were analytically pure.