Sodium chloride (NaCl, ACS reagent ≥ 99%) and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, ACS grade) were purchased from VWR USA (Radnor, PA, USA). Polysulfone resins (~60 kDa) were acquired from ACROS Organics (Antwerp, Belgium). Titanium wires (0.01 inch diameter) and platinum electrodes (gauze, 100 mesh 99.9%) were bought from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Cation exchange membranes (Fumasep FKL-PK-130 CEM, 130 μm) and anion exchange membranes (Fumasep FAA-PK-130 AEM, 130 μm) were acquired from Fumatech BWT GmbH (Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). All solutions were prepared using Milli-Q water (18 MΩ cm).
Titanium wire
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
Titanium wire is a type of lab equipment made of pure titanium metal. It is a solid, cylindrical wire that is highly resistant to corrosion and can withstand high temperatures. Titanium wire is a versatile material used for a variety of laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
1 ethyl 3 3 dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide edc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Low molecular weight chitosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphoric acid h3po4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate haucl4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrofluoric acid hf, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nitric acid hno3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tween 20, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonium fluoride nh4f, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isopropyl alcohol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethylene glycol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nafion 117, by DuPont (1 mentions)
N719 dye, by Solaronix (1 mentions)
Nafion membrane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
5 protocols using titanium wire
1
Electrochemical Cell Fabrication Protocol
2
Anodized Titanium Electrode Fabrication and Modification
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Titanium wires (d: 0.25 mm, 99.5% purity, Alfa Aesar, USA), ethylene glycol (Merck, Germany), ammonium fluoride (NH4F, Sigma-Aldrich, ABD), phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 85% purity, Merck, Germany), nitric acid (HNO3, 65% purity Merck, Germany), hydrofluoric acid (HF, 38% purity, Merck, Germany) and 2 × 2 cm pure platinum mesh (99.9% purity; 0.1 mm thickness, Alfa Easer, USA) as an anodic oxidation opposing electrode were used to produce anodized titanium electrode.
For electrode modification, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4, Sigma, USA), phosphate buffer solution (PBS) tablet (10 mM, pH 7.4, Alfa Aesar, England), PSA-protein (Fitzgerald, USA), PSA-antibody (Fitzgerald, USA), PSA-antibody-HRP (Fitzgerald, USA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, Sigma, USA), n-hidroxysuccinimide (NHS, Sigma, USA), Tween-20 (Sigma, USA), bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma, USA), acetic acid (Sigma, USA), low molecular weight chitosan (Sigma, USA), isopropyl alcohol (Merck, Germany), hydrogen peroxide (30% purity, Merck, Germany), and hydroquinone (Kanto, Singapore) were used. All liquid solutions contained deionized (DI) water with a resistance of 18.2 MΩ•cm.
For electrode modification, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4, Sigma, USA), phosphate buffer solution (PBS) tablet (10 mM, pH 7.4, Alfa Aesar, England), PSA-protein (Fitzgerald, USA), PSA-antibody (Fitzgerald, USA), PSA-antibody-HRP (Fitzgerald, USA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, Sigma, USA), n-hidroxysuccinimide (NHS, Sigma, USA), Tween-20 (Sigma, USA), bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma, USA), acetic acid (Sigma, USA), low molecular weight chitosan (Sigma, USA), isopropyl alcohol (Merck, Germany), hydrogen peroxide (30% purity, Merck, Germany), and hydroquinone (Kanto, Singapore) were used. All liquid solutions contained deionized (DI) water with a resistance of 18.2 MΩ•cm.
3
Microbial Fuel Cell Reactor Design
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The specific characteristics and operating conditions of the reactors used in this study were generally the same as those described in our previous study [16 (link)]. Single-chamber reactors were constructed using 250 mL glass bottles. Two-chamber reactors comprising two identical 300 mL glass bottles separated by a pretreated proton exchange membrane (12.5 cm2, Nafion 117, DuPont Co., Wilmington, DE, USA) were also constructed. The anodes and cathodes were composed of plain carbon cloth (4 × 10 cm, TMIL Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan). Each electrode was connected to the circuit via a titanium wire (0.5 mm in diameter, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), which was directly fastened to the end of the electrode without glue. The internal resistance between the electrodes and titanium wires was less than 3.0 Ω. All reactors were sealed with butyl rubber stoppers and aluminum seals, and their headspaces were filled with N2/CO2 (80 : 20). The inoculated reactors were operated at 55°C in the fed-batch mode, in which the medium was exchanged with the fresh medium when current production was attenuated to the background level. A magnetic stirrer was continuously used in each chamber to provide sufficient mixing during the incubation.
4
Wire-Shaped Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication
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The aligned TiO2 nanotube/Ti wire was prepared by electrochemical anodizing of titanium wire (diameter of 127 μm, purity of 99.99%; Alfa Aesar) in 0.3 wt % NH4F/ethylene glycol solution containing 2 v % H2O at voltages of 60 V for 5.5 hours (28 (link)). After being washed with deionized water, the resulting TiO2 nanotube/Ti wire was then annealed at 500°C in air for 1 hour. The annealed wire was further treated with 40 mM TiCl4 solution at 70°C for 30 min, followed by annealing at 450°C in air for 30 min. The TiO2 nanotube/Ti wire was immersed in a mixture solvent of acetonitrile and isobutanol (1:1, v/v) solution containing 0.5 mM N719 dye (Solaronix) for 24 hours to form the sensitized wire photoanode. The wire-shaped DSSC cell was fabricated by packaging the aligned TiO2 nanotube/Ti wire photoanode and the 3D graphene-RACNT fiber counter electrode in a capillary tube or transparent FET tube (purchased from Amazon) containing the electrolyte of 0.6 M dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, 0.04 M I2, 0.02 M LiI, 0.1 M guanidine thiocyanate, and 0.5 M 4-terbutylpyridine in a mixture of acetonitrile and valeronitrile. To fabricate the reference DSSCs, the graphene wire was grown on the copper wire under 1000°C with methane as the carbon source and used as the counter electrode while the CNT fiber was obtained by dry spinning from VACNTs.
5
Microbial Fuel Cell Construction
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Two sets of dual-chamber H-type bottles (Adams & Chittenden Scientific Glass, Berkeley, CA, USA), were used to construct the MFCs (see Figure 1 ).
Anode and cathode electrodes were made of carbon cloth 2.5 × 5 cm (projected area of 25 cm2) with a volume of 300 mL for each chamber. The cathode contained a Pt catalyst (0.5 mg/cm2 10% Pt on Carbon Cloth Electrode) to improve cathode performance, whilst the anode is plain carbon cloth. Both electrodes were connected with a titanium wire (0.5 mm, purity > 99.98%, Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK). A Nafion membrane (Nafion 117#, Sigma Aldrich, London, UK) was placed in the middle of the anode and the cathode. The membrane was pre-treated by boiling in H2O2 (30%) and deionized water, followed by 0.5 M H2SO4 and deionized water, each for 1 h, and thereafter it was stored in deionized water prior to being used. The MFCs were maintained at 20 °C in a temperature controlled room.
Anode and cathode electrodes were made of carbon cloth 2.5 × 5 cm (projected area of 25 cm2) with a volume of 300 mL for each chamber. The cathode contained a Pt catalyst (0.5 mg/cm2 10% Pt on Carbon Cloth Electrode) to improve cathode performance, whilst the anode is plain carbon cloth. Both electrodes were connected with a titanium wire (0.5 mm, purity > 99.98%, Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK). A Nafion membrane (Nafion 117#, Sigma Aldrich, London, UK) was placed in the middle of the anode and the cathode. The membrane was pre-treated by boiling in H2O2 (30%) and deionized water, followed by 0.5 M H2SO4 and deionized water, each for 1 h, and thereafter it was stored in deionized water prior to being used. The MFCs were maintained at 20 °C in a temperature controlled room.
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