The Shannon index, an indicator of the species distribution α-diversity, was calculated using Excel (Microsoft). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots, which enable visualization of the β-diversity, were prepared using SPSS ® Statistics, version 26.0 (IBM). Significance testing of the occupancy of microbiota and the Shannon index in the in vivo study and bacterial growth analyses in the in vivo study was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Tukey's methods test, respectively, with SPSS ® Statistics, version 26.0 (IBM), and p<0.05 was considered significant. Pairwise correlation analysis of the occupancy of species was performed based on Spearman's rank correlation coefficient using SPSS ® Statistics, version 26.0 (IBM).
Spss statistics version 26
Manufactured by IBM
Sourced in United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Poland, Italy
SPSS Statistics version 26 is a comprehensive statistical software package designed for data analysis and management. It provides a wide range of statistical techniques, including descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and data mining. The software is commonly used in various industries and research fields to gain insights from data.
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Lab products found in correlation
Prism 8, by GraphPad (25 mentions)
R version 4, by R Project for Statistical Computing (9 mentions)
Sas version 9, by SAS Institute (8 mentions)
Prism 9, by GraphPad (8 mentions)
Prism version 8, by GraphPad (7 mentions)
Prism version, by GraphPad (5 mentions)
R software version 4, by R Project for Statistical Computing (5 mentions)
R version 3, by R Project for Statistical Computing (4 mentions)
Version 19, by MedCalc (4 mentions)
R software version 3, by R Project for Statistical Computing (4 mentions)
Spss statistics for windows version 26, by IBM (4 mentions)
R version 4, by IBM (4 mentions)
Prism 7, by GraphPad (3 mentions)
Spss statistics for window, by IBM (3 mentions)
Prism v6, by GraphPad (3 mentions)
Spss statistic, by IBM (3 mentions)
R software version 3, by IBM (3 mentions)
Stata version 15, by StataCorp (3 mentions)
Prism 9 program, by GraphPad (2 mentions)
Matlab r2018b, by MathWorks (2 mentions)
2 191 protocols using spss statistics version 26
1
Microbiome Diversity Analysis Protocol
2
Cognitive Functioning in Cystic Fibrosis
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Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 26 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). The R package MatchIt was used for Propensity Score Matching [23 (link)]. Figures were created using SPSS Statistics version 26 (IBM, New York, NY, USA) and Adobe InDesign CC (Adobe Inc., Dublin, Ireland). Since Kolmogorov–Smirnov Tests revealed that the normality of the data was violated, Wilcoxon-signed-rank tests were performed to compare pwCF and matched HC. Effect sizes were defined using Cliff’s δ [24 (link)]. Here, effect sizes were interpreted according to Romano and colleagues (2006), where d = 0.147 represented a small effect, d = 0.33 represented a medium-sized effect, and d = 0.474 represented a large effect [25 ]. For all analyses, the significance levels were set at α = 0.05 (two-sided tests). Moreover, a subsequent regression analysis was calculated for both pwCF and healthy controls (n = 138) using robust Huber–White standard errors with diagnoses, COVID-19-related fear, and subjective level of information predicting either ASB or DSB.
3
Retrospective Study on Post-TURP Urinary Tract Infections
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Retrospektive monozentrische Studie auf Basis klinischer Routinedaten von 508 Patienten mit TRPB an einem Universitätsklinikum zwischen 03.01.2019 und 28.01.2021. Gemäß dem internen Standard wurde präinternvetionell keine lokale intrarektale Povidon-Iod-Desinfektion durchgeführt. Patienten wurden für 30 Tage postinterventionell nachverfolgt. Demographische Daten, Komorbiditäten, klinische Verläufe, mikrobiologische Diagnostik, therapeutisches Management und antibiotische Substanzen wurden anhand elektronischer Patientenakten und dem Laborinformationssystem des Instituts für medizinische Mikrobiologie erhoben. Die Variablen wurden vorab definiert, durch das Studienteam erhoben und ausgewertet. Postinterventionelle HWI wurden als komplizierte untere HWI gewertet, sofern es klinisch oder sonographisch keinen Anhalt für eine Pyelonephritis gab. Die Zustimmung der Ethikkommission der Technischen Universität München zur Durchführung der Studie liegt vor (Votum 395/20 S).
Qualitative Daten sind als Median und Spannweite angegeben, quantitative Daten als absolute und relative Häufigkeiten. Statistische Gruppenvergleiche erfolgten mittels χ2-Test bzw. Mann-Whitney-U-Test je mit 5 %-Signifikanzlevel. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA) und IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).
Qualitative Daten sind als Median und Spannweite angegeben, quantitative Daten als absolute und relative Häufigkeiten. Statistische Gruppenvergleiche erfolgten mittels χ2-Test bzw. Mann-Whitney-U-Test je mit 5 %-Signifikanzlevel. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA) und IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).
4
Analyzing Geographical Trends in Search Interest
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Descriptive data were generated for all variables. To compare the search volume of the cities and federal states, the search volume was set in relation to the respective number of inhabitants and then expressed as search volume per 100,000 inhabitants [20 , 21 ]. To assess seasonal trends and differences in interest within the selected regions, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used after checking that the assumptions were fulfilled. Bonferroni test was used for post-hoc analysis. In addition, it was assessed whether there was a correlation between the average number of search queries and the population density in the federal sates. For all analysis, IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used. For Fig. 3 , Geodata from the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy [22 ] were used to determine administrative boundaries using a geographic information system, QGIS, version 2.14.22 (QGIS Development Team) [23 ].
5
Biochemical Analysis of ALD Patients
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Data were summarized as means ± standard deviations (SD) or medians with ranges, depending on the distribution of the data. Scatter dot plots were used for the visualization of results for the three different groups: control cell lines, VUS cases and ALD patients. Additionally, we described the ranges for ALD patients and control subjects, defined as the minimum and maximum value per group. The gray zone was defined as the area between the upper and lower limits of the ALD values and the upper and lower limits of the control cell lines. Correlations between clinical measures and laboratory results were calculated with Spearmans’ Rho correlation coefficient. P-values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 were used for the data analysis.
6
Comparative Parotid and Submandibular Gland SUVmax
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The 67Ga SPECT-CT parameters of SUVmax were compared between the parotid glands and submandibular glands. Statistical analyses for the SUVmax were performed by Mann-Whitney U test. These analyses were performed with the statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics, version 26 (IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan). A p value lower than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
7
Non-parametric Statistical Analysis of Isotope Data
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Statistical analysis and data visualization were carried out using R (R Core Team, 2020 ), PAST (Hammer et al., 2001 ) and IBM SPSS statistics version 26 (IBM, 2019 ). Non‐parametric tests (Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis for pairwise and multiple comparisons, respectively) were used to compare isotope values among groups due to the non‐normal distribution of data as indicated by Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests. Post hoc pairwise tests adjusted using Holm's Sequential Bonferroni correction were used following Kruskal Wallis comparisons.
8
Evaluating Restaging MRI for Colorectal Cancer
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Data were analyzed using MedCalc 20.026 (Ostend, Belgium: MedCalc Software Ltd) and IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Numerical variables were summarized using descriptive statistics: number and proportion for qualitative variables, mean and standard deviation or median (quartile 1; quartile 3) for continuous variables. Chi square test was used to compare numerical variables.
The diagnostic performance of restaging MRI for T, CRM, N, EMVI, N1c, TRG was assessed by calculating the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), negative predictive values (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV). Accuracy rate was calculated as (correctly predicted responses/ total number of patients assessed) × 100%, separately for the four types of response (poor, partial, near complete and complete response) and for the two main types: good responders and partial/poor responders. The correlation between restaging MRI and histopathology was assessed by Spearman correlation coefficient. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The diagnostic performance of restaging MRI for T, CRM, N, EMVI, N1c, TRG was assessed by calculating the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), negative predictive values (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV). Accuracy rate was calculated as (correctly predicted responses/ total number of patients assessed) × 100%, separately for the four types of response (poor, partial, near complete and complete response) and for the two main types: good responders and partial/poor responders. The correlation between restaging MRI and histopathology was assessed by Spearman correlation coefficient. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
9
Radiological Parameters and Patient Outcomes
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Data from all the outcome measures were summarized using means and standard deviations (given in parenthesis). A Pearson correlation was calculated for radiological parameters and patient reported outcome (PRWHE). The strength of the correlations was interpreted as: negligible (r = 0.00–0.3), weak (r = 0.31–0.5), moderate (r = 0.51–0.70), strong (r = 0.71–0.90), and almost perfect (r = 0.91–1.00).[21 ,22 ] A paired t test was used to assess differences in the radiological parameters between uninjured side and 1-year follow-up. To compare the group of patients fully recovered with those not recovered after 1 year, continuous variables were analyzed using t test and categorical variables using chi-square test. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical analyses were performed in the statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) and the statistical package R (http://CRAN.R-project.org ).
10
Detailed Neurological Assessment in Rodent TBI
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Unless otherwise stated, continuous variables are reported as mean ± standard error of the mean. Normality of data was examined using the Shapiro–Wilk test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on Ranks with post-hoc Dunn’s test was used to assess for between-group differences in histopathology (p-Tau, TDP-43, pTDP-43, NeuN, Iba-1, GFAP, MBP, SMI-312). Between-group comparisons of continuous variables over time (body weight, return of the righting reflex, NSS) were conducted using longitudinal mixed models. Time was treated as a categorical variable. The models included group (Sham versus rTBI) and time as fixed covariates, as well as the group × time interactions. Two-sided significance tests were used throughout and unless stated otherwise a two-sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SigmaPlot 12.5 (Systat Software, Inc., Germany) or IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 26 (IBM®-Armonk, NY).
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