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116 protocols using acetaldehyde

1

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Assays

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For clonogenic assays,20,000 Lin cells per condition (in triplicate) and 2000 sorted LSK cells per condition (in triplicate) were plated in Methocult GF M3434 methylcellulose (03444,Stem Cell Technologies) and cultured for 7 days. The TGFβ inhibitors such as AVID200 (Forbius), SD208 (S7071, Sigma-Aldrich) and 1D11 (Genzyme) were added in graded concentrations in the cultures. For acetaldehyde treatments, bone marrow cells were exposed to increasing doses of acetaldehyde (00070–100ML, Sigma-Aldrich) for 4 h, washed and then cultured in Methocult GF M3434 methylcellulose. The hematopoietic colonies were scored after 7 days of culture at 37 °C and 5% CO2.
For proliferation assays, sorted LSK cells were cultured in serum-free medium StemSpan SFEM (09600, StemCell Technologies) containing 1% penicillin/streptomycin (15140–122, GIBCO), 2% L-glutamine (25030–081GIBCO), 100 ng/ml TPO (315–14-10UG, Peprotech) and 100 ng/ml SCF (250–03-10UG, Peprotech). After 48 h in culture, DNA damage was assessed by immunofluorescence staining the cells to detect γH2AX foci formation (2577s, Cell Signaling) as described [13 (link)].
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2

Quantifying Phenolic Compounds in Food

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Acetaldehyde (≥99%), methyl-2-methylbutyrate (99%), sodium chloride, phloroglucinol (≥99%), catechin (≥98%), and ascorbic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France); Acetaldehyde (food grade, ≥97%) and ammonium sulfate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Oenin chloride was obtained from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France).
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3

Induction and Detection of DNA Double-Strand Breaks

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DSBs generated by irradiation was done by exposing cells at room temperature to 4 Gy IR using a Cs137 gamma irradiator (Gammacell-40 exactor) applied at a dose of 1.1 Gy/min. Following irradiation, the samples were immediately transferred to 37°C and maintained for 30 min before seeding and fixation. Alternatively, cells were treated with etoposide for 1 hr at 37°C at a final concentration of 40 μg/ml, or with acetaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 4 hr at 37°C at a final concentration of 4 mM. Etoposide and acetaldehyde were added from a 100x stock solution in DMSO. Equivalent amounts of vehicle (DMSO) were added to untreated control cells.
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4

Enzymatic DNA Modifications Analysis

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Acetaldehyde and [ethyl-D5]EtNH3Cl were purchased from Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). In addition, 6-Chloropurine-2′-deoxyriboside was obtained from Carbosynth (Compton, UK). Water (LC-MS grade), methanol (MeOH, LC-MS grade), acetonitrile (ACN, LC-MS grade), 2-propanol (IPA, LC-MS grade), and formic acid (FA, 98% v/v) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Hanover Park, IL, USA). Distilled water was purified by a Milli-Q system (Milford, MA, USA). Deoxyribonuclease I recombinant expressed by Pichia pastoris (R-DNase, 10,000 U/mg, phosphodiesterase-1 extracted from Crotalus adamanteus (PDE-1, 0.4 U/mg, recombinant alkaline phosphatase expressed by Pichia pastoris (R-ALP, 7000 U/mg, calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA, 5 mg), NaBH3CN, Acetaldehyde, Tris base, double-filtration membrane Amicon Ultra (30 kDa cutoff, 0.5 mL), and single-filtration membrane Microcone (10 kDa cutoff, 0.5 mL) were purchased from Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Silanized vials (0.3 mL, 1.2 mL, 4 mL, 20 mL) were purchased from ChromTech (Apple Valley, MN, USA). Cell lysis solution, protein precipitation solution, RNase A, and proteinase K were obtained from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany).
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5

Vasoactive Compound Evaluation in Aorta and SMA

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Reagent grade chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (or as indicated): acetaldehyde (AA); acetate; acetylcholine chloride (ACh); Alda1 and cyanamide (gifts of Dr. B.G. Hill, University of Louisville); A967079 (AdooQ); 1h-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ); ethanol (100%); Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME); nicotine bitartrate; L-phenylephrine hydrochloride (PE); sodium nitroprusside (SNP); U46,619 (thromboxane A2 analog); and 2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr).
Aortic Krebs PSS for aorta was (in mM): NaCl 118, KCl 4.7, CaCl2 2.5, KH2PO4 1.2, MgSO4 1.2, NaHCO3 12.5, and glucose 5.5; pH 7.4. SMA Krebs physiological salt solution (PSS) was (in mM): NaCl, 119; KCl, 4.7; MgCl2, 1.2; KH2PO4, 1.2; NaHCO3, 24; glucose, 7.0; pH 7.4. High potassium (60 mM) PSS (High K+) was prepared by substituting K+ equimolar for Na+.
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-Containing Zeolites

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Pristine zeolite of faujasite-type structure denoted as HFAU (Si/Al = 31) was produced by Zeolyst company (CBV 760). It was dealuminated by steaming and acid treatment by the producer. Cu-containing zeolites Cu(2)HFAU and Cu(5)NaFAU were obtained by the impregnation method with 0.5 M Cu(NO3)2 solution. The amounts of Cu ions in solutions corresponded to 2% or 5% of Cu in impregnated zeolites. Zeolite Cu(2)HFAU was obtained by the impregnation of pristine HFAU. It contained 2 wt.% of Cu. In order to obtain Cu(5)NaFAU, zeolite HFAU was transformed into sodium form by four-fold exchange with 0.5 M NaNO3, and then washed in distilled water. The resulting NaFAU was subsequently impregnated with 0.5 M Cu(NO3)2, producing zeolite containing 5 wt.% of Cu. All samples were dried at 390 K and next calcined at 770 K.
Bulk CuO and Cu2O (Aldrich) were used in the IR measurements. Both oxides were mixed with SiO2 Cabosil in proportion with 8 wt.% of oxides, and 92 wt.% of SiOEthanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid (Aldrich) were used in IR adsorption experiments.
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7

HPLC Analysis of Carbonyl Compounds

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For HPLC and sample preparation, ultrapure water was obtained using a Milli-Q Water System (Millipore). MeCN was HPLC grade (HiPerSolv CHROMANORM) from VWR Chemicals (Germany). For the in situ derivatization a mix consisting of 5 mg DNPH and 0.05% conc. H 3 PO 4 (v/v) in 10 mL MeCN was employed.
All chemicals of analytical grade or better were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany), DNPH standards were purchased as certified reference materials solution in MeCN from Aldrich (formaldehyde ([order code: CRM47177), acetaldehyde (CRM47340), acrolein (CRM47342), acetone (CRM47341), crotonaldehyde (CRM47175), butyraldehyde (CRM47345) and isobutyraldehyde (CRM47886)).
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8

Picogreen Cell Proliferation Assay

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One-thousand cells (for wild type) and 2,000 cells (for experimental cultures and A10A3) were plated per well of a 96-well plate. The cells were allowed to adhere and after 24 hr were exposed to either MMC or acetaldehyde (Sigma). After 6 days, cells were washed, lysed in 40 μl 0.03% SDS, and 0.5% Picogreen (Molecular Probes, Grand Island, NY) was added. Fluorescence was measured and the relative cell numbers were calculated, defining the untreated samples as “1.” Three independent replication of the experiment were performed per drug, with each graphed data point reflecting the average readings from six wells in a given representative experiment.
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9

Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocyte Isolation and Treatment

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Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were isolated from 1–2 days old neonatal rat pups as previously described by Kapoor et al. [21 (link)]. The isolated NRVMs were cultured in M199 medium supplemented with 10 mM HEPES, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, 3.5 mg/mL glucose, 2 mM L-glutamine, 4 μg/ml vitamin B12, 100 U/ml penicillin, and heat-inactivated FBS. The cells were treated with 1μM acetaldehyde (402788, Sigma-Aldrich) and 10μM BMS 493 (B6688, Sigma-Aldrich) for 48 hours using in 2% FBS supplemented medium. The cells treated with ddH2O or DMSO were used as controls. Total RNA isolation for real-time PCR analysis was performed using RNeasy® Mini Kit (74106, Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands).
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10

Quantifying Aldehyde Adsorption on Activated Carbon

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Example 8

Procedure for Determining Aldehyde Adsorption on Activated Carbon. Formaldehyde:

A solution of 1 wt % formaldehyde was prepared by dissolving 0.020 g of solid paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) in 1.98 g of D2O (Cambridge Isotopes). To this was added 0.1 mL t-butanol (Sigma-Aldrich, dried over 4A molecular sieves) as an internal 1H NMR standard. A similar procedure was followed with acetaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich). To 1.0 mL of 1.0 wt % aldehyde solution was added 10 mg of activated carbon. The mixture was stirred for 30 min before filtration. Disappearance of aldehyde in the supernatant was quantified by inverse-gated decoupling 13C NMR using the tert-butanol signal at δ 29.5 ppm as internal standard.

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