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8 protocols using glucose glu

1

Adipocyte Differentiation Protocol

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Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), foetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.25% w/v trypsin-EDTA, 1% w/v penicillin–streptomycin solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Opti-MEM, and Lipofectamine 3000 were purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Insulin, water-soluble dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), palmitic acid (PA), and glucose (Glu) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). General chemicals reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich unless otherwise specified. Cell culture plastics were obtained from Corning (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
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2

Evaluation of Yam Bulbils and Rhodiola

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Yam bulbils were purchased from Jianguo Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Jiaozuo, Henan, China). Commercially available large plant Rhodiola capsules (LPRC), employed as the positive control group (PG), were purchased from Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). Assay kits for evaluating biological indicators (blood lactic acid, BLA; malondialdehyde, MDA; blood urea nitrogen, BUN; hepatic glycogen; superoxide dismutase, SOD; and glutathione peroxidase, GSH‐Px) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Standard sugars (rhamnose, Rha; glucose, Glu; mannose, Man; galactose, Gal; arabinose, Ara; and xylose, Xyl), were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Other reagents were of analytical grade.
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3

Amyloid-Tau Protein Biomarker Assay

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T-tau protein, P-tau181 protein, and Aβ antibody were obtained from Abcam Ltd. (Hong Kong, China). Aβ protein, K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6], glucose (GLU), bovine serum albumin (BSA), potassium chloride (KCl), phosphate-buffered solution (PBS, pH = 7.4, 10 mM), 2-mercaptoethylamine, and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). The antibodies of T-tau and P-tau181 were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All chemical reagents used were of high purity grade. All solution preparations were made using ultrapure water (Milli-Q, 18.2 MΩ).
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4

Glycosylation of Furfural by Alkyl Glycosides

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EL, LGO, ethyl-α-d-glycopyranoside (E-αDGP), ethyl-β-d-glycopyranoside (E-βDGP) were obtained from TCI (Shanghai). 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (5-EMF) and glucose (Glu) were the analytical grade from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Al2(SO4)3·18H2O metal salt catalyst was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Factory, China.
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5

Comprehensive Cytokine and Metabolite Profiling Assay

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The following materials were used in the study: PBS (Sigma), BSA (Sigma), agarose (Sigma), 10,000X SYBG Gold nucleic acid dye (Thermo Fisher), a high-binding 96-well plate, 10-bp DNA ladder (Thermo Fisher), Cas12a protein (Cpf1, NEBiolabs), NEBuffer 2.1 (10X, NEBiolabs), streptavidin (Sigma), 6X DNA loading dye (Thermo Fisher), IFN-γ (R&D), IL-1β (R&D), IL-6 (R&D), TNF-α (R&D), IL-10 (R&D), IL-2 (R&D), insulin (Sigma), glucose (Glu, Sigma), sucrose (Sur, Sigma), ascorbic acid (AA, Sigma), uric acid (UA, Sigma), and IgG.
All plasma-related works were covered under UNSW Ethics Approval HC210160.
All DNA and RNA oligos were artificially synthesized by Sangon Biotech Co. Ltd., as shown in Supplementary Table S1.
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6

In Vitro Adipogenesis Assay

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Cell culture plasticware and cell reagents were obtained from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA): Dulbecco’s modified Eagle′s medium (DMEM), foetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.25% w/v trypsin-EDTA, 1% w/v penicillin-streptomycin solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Opti-MEM and Lipofectamine 3000. Reagents used for in vitro studies were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): insulin, water-soluble dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), palmitic acid (PA), and glucose (Glu). Interleukin 6 (IL-6) (PMC 0064) was obtained from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). General chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich unless otherwise specified.
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7

Alfuzosin Hydrochloride: Analytical Characterization

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Alfuzosin hydrochloride (AFZ), ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), glucose (glu), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O), nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O), 2-methylimidazole (2-MIM), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), calciIum sulfate (CaSO4), iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), human serum, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), and disodium hydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) were sourced from Sigma-Aldrich, United States. Methanol was procured from SK Chemicals, Republic of Korea. The tablet sample, ALFOO 10 mg, was purchased locally from pharmaceuticals in Asan, Republic of Korea. All compounds were used as received, without further purification.
The 0.05 M phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with a pH range of 5–9 was prepared by dissolving Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 in Millipore water and neutralizing it with 0.1 M HCl or NaOH. Millipore water was used to make all of the solutions.
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8

Yeast Gene Expression Regulation

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Standard yeast media were used. Yeast transformations were done in YPD supplemented with antibiotics for a final concentration of 100 ug/mL clonNat (Nourseothricin, Jena Bioscience) and/or 500 ug/mL G418 Sulfate (Geneticin, Calbiochem/Merck Millipore). Microfluidics, qPCR, and western experiments were carried out in Synthetic Complete (SC) medium made with dropout mix (US Biological) and YNB + AmSO4 without amino acids (Becton Dickinson) supplemented with 1.5%-2% final concentration of raffinose (raf, Sigma-Aldrich), glucose (glu, Sigma-Aldrich), or galactose/raffinose (gal/raf, Sigma-Aldrich). For these experiments, cells were grown overnight in raf medium, then diluted in raf medium to obtain log phase cultures. Yeast were then subject to memory media change protocols including 4 hr repression in glu (r1), 1.5-3 hr induction in gal/raf (i1), followed by a second 4 hr repression in glu (r2) and a second induction in gal/raf (i2), followed by a final repression in glu (r3). Additional media for library construction are as previously described (Tong et al., 2001) . Cycloheximide experiments included Cycloheximide (Sigma-Aldrich) at a final concentration of 1-2 ug/mL during induction and for 30 min after the change to repression, sufficient time for Gal1 mRNAs to be degraded, ensuring that transcribed RNAs produced in i1 were not translated.
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