Deionized water

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Deionized water is a type of purified water that has been processed to remove all dissolved ions, including minerals and salts. This process involves passing the water through ion exchange resins or membranes, effectively removing any charged particles. The result is a highly pure, conductive-free water that is commonly used in various laboratory applications, such as reagent preparation, equipment cleaning, and as a solvent for sensitive analyses.

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Deionized ultra-filtered water (5 citations) Ultrapure deionized water (2 citations) Deionized ultrafiltered water (DIUF (2 citations) Triple-deionized water (2 citations) Deionized (DI) water (2 citations)

19 protocols using deionized water

Macrophage Polarization and Relaxin Modulation

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Raw264.7 macrophages were obtained from the Shanghai cell bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Raw264.7 macrophages were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Life Technologies, Waltham, MA, USA). The cells, induced to differentiate as previously described, were stimulated with 100 U/ml murine recombinant IFNγ (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) or 20 ng/ml murine recombinant IL-4 (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) for 24 h to induce M1 or M2 polarization, respectively [23 (link)].
After Raw264.7 cells were induced into M1 or M2 macrophages, the cells were pre-treated with TAK-242 (1 μM; MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) or deionized water (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) as vehicle control for 1 h and were continuously treated with relaxin (100 ng/ml; 16.8 nmol/l) for 72 h. Cells treated with deionized water or TAK-242 alone (1 μM) for 72 h were used as appropriate controls.

Chen L., Sha M.L., Li D., Zhu Y.P., Wang X.J., Jiang C.Y., Xia S.J, & Shao Y. (2017). Relaxin abrogates renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating macrophage polarization via inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Oncotarget, 8(13), 21044-21053.

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Carbenoxolone Sodium Salt Quantification

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The primary reference material for carbenoxolone was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) as a sodium salt and the internal standard (ISTD) 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-d₃ (THCOOH-d₃) was purchased from Cerilliant Corporation (Round Rock, TX, USA). Acetonitrile, ammonium format, formic acid, methanol and deionized water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Hanover Park, IL, USA). All reagents were ACS grade or better. Medical-grade nitrogen was purchased from National Welders Supply Company (Richmond, Virginia).

Poklis J.L., Gonek M.M., Wolf C.E., Akbarali H.I, & Dewey W.L. (2019). Analysis of carbenoxolone by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in mouse brain and blood after systemic administration. Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 33(4), e4465.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Hydrogels

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Reagents including 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), 1,2-ethanediol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, Sigma-Aldrich, 98%), ammonium persulfate ((NH₄)₂S₂O₈, AmPS, Sigma-Aldrich, 98%), sodium metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅, NaMBS, Fisher, 99.4%), inhibitor remover (Sigma-Aldrich), iron(III)-2,4-pentanedionate (Fe(acac)₃, Alfa Aesar), polyethyleneimine (PEI, Alfa Aesar, 60 kDa – 50 wt % aqueous solution), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, TCI, 10 kDa, 99%), triethylene glycol (TREG, ACROS, 99%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Fisher, 99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, Carolina Biological Supply, 6 M), and deionized water (DI, Fisher) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher and used without further purification.

Boutchuen A., Zimmerman D., Arabshahi A., Melnyczuk J, & Palchoudhury S. (2020). Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 11, 296-309.

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Capillary Electrophoresis Protocol for Glycoprotein Analysis

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Deionized water, methanol (99.9%), and isopropanol (99.9%) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). 1 N NaOH, 1 N HCl, 5 N ammonium hydroxide, glacial acetic acid (99.99%), ultra-high-purity ammonium acetate (99.999%), total human serum IgG isolate (purity ≥95%, based on non-reduced SDS-PAGE and verified by nanoLC-MS/MS of tryptic digests), and BSF isolate (purity ≥90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Agencourt Cleanseq carboxyl-coated magnetic microparticles (COOH-beads) were from SCIEX (Brea, CA). PNGase F enzyme and bovine pancreas ribonuclease B isolate (purity ≥85%, based on SDS-PAGE) were from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). A neodymium magnet was obtained from K&J Magnetics (Pipersville, PA). All bare-fused silica (BFS) capillaries (91 cm × 30 µm i.d. × 150 µm o.d.) with sheathless CESI-MS emitters in OptiMS cartridges were from SCIEX. A NanoBooster^TM unit for generating the DEN-gas was from Bruker Daltonics (Billerica, MA).

Marie A.L., Ray S, & Ivanov A.R. (2023). Highly-sensitive label-free deep profiling of N-glycans released from biomedically-relevant samples. Nature Communications, 14, 1618.

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Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Metallofullerenes

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Gd₃N@C₈₀ and Sc₃N@C₈₀ were purchased from LUNA Innovations (Danville, VA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄), xanthine, xanthine oxidase from bovine milk (XOD), diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Spin traps, 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO) was purchased from Focus Biomolecules (Plymouth Meeting, PA), and 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (BMPO) was supplied by Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (ODCB) was purchased from Beantown Chemical (Hudson, NH). Sodium hydroxide, deionized water, and toluene were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). The clear EPR quartz capillary tubes (ID 1.0 mm, OD 1.2 mm) were obtained from Wilmad-LabGlass (Vineland, NJ). Gibco Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (high glucose 4.5 g/L) (DMEM), Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mixture (F12), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (Pen/Strep), and Prolong Gold antifade reagent with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). Other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless mentioned.

Xiao L., Huang R., Sulimai N., Yao R., Manley B., Xu P., Felder R., Jin L., Dorn H.C, & Li X. (2022). Amine Functionalized Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Fullerenes: A Class of Nanoparticle to Tackle Low Back/Leg Pain. ACS applied bio materials, 5(6), 2943-2955.

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Isolation and Quantification of GFP-labeled Salmonella on Fresh Produce

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Six different types of fresh produce, including iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata), romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia), red lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa), green onion (Allium fistulosum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica), were purchased from a commercial market in Columbus, OH, USA.
To distinguish from existing bacterial flora in the samples, green fluorescence protein (GFP)-labeled Salmonella enterica serova Typhimurium (ATCC 19585) with an antibiotic-resistant gene (ampicillin) was used in this study [6 (link)]. To grow the GFP-labeled S. Typhimurium, Luria-Bertani (LB) medium with 100 µg/mL ampicillin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used in a shaking incubator (New Brunswick I2400 Incubator Shaker, Edison, NJ, USA) at 37 °C. The pellet of the GFP-labeled S. Typhimurium was collected using centrifugation at 6500× g for 10 min and then resuspended using deionized water (Fisher Scientific, WI, USA). The bacterial concentration was determined using the cell density meter (WPA biowave, Biochrom, Cambridge, UK) [6 (link)]. A plate count method was also used for bacterial quantification in triplicate [6 (link)].

Kim J., Park S., Lee J, & Lee S. (2023). Internalization of Salmonella in Leafy Vegetables during Postharvest Conditions. Foods, 12(16), 3106.

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Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis Chemicals

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Deionized water, methanol (99.9%), MgCl₂, and beryllium sulfate (99.99%) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Ward Hill, MA). 1 n NaOH, 1 n HCl, ultrahigh purity ammonium acetate (99.999%), Tris‐HCl, KCl, GuHCl, DTT, adenosine 5′‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) tetralithium salt, and aluminum fluoride (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All sheathless bare fused silica (BFS) OptiMS CESI capillaries (91 cm × 30 µm i.d. × 150 µm o.d.) were from SCIEX (Brea, CA).

Marie A., Georgescauld F., Johnson K.R., Ray S., Engen J.R, & Ivanov A.R. (2024). Native Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry of Near 1 MDa Non‐Covalent GroEL/GroES/Substrate Protein Complexes. Advanced Science, 11(11), 2306824.

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Quantitative Analysis of Tamoxifen Metabolites

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Formic Acid, Ammonium Hydroxide (30%), Propranolol Hydrochloride, Tamoxifen, 4 HydroxyTamoxifen and the UV Photochemical Reactor Enhanced Detection tube unit (PHRED) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis MO, USA. The HPLC grade reagents, methanol, acetonitrile, deionized water, Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Potassium Phosphate, 12×75mm polystyrene tubes from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburg, PA, USA. Endoxifen and ND-Tamoxifen, were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals, Ontario, Canada. The Solid Phase Extraction columns (SPE), STRATA-X-C 3, 3u, were obtained from Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA. The SPE Extraction Manifold was obtained from Varian, Walnut Creek, CA, USA. The HPLC Column, and guard cartridge, Spherisorb C18 CNRP, 4.6×250mm, 5u, from Waters, Milford, MA, USA. The Micro centrifuge tubes were obtained from USA Scientific, Ocala, FL, USA.

Heath D.D., Flatt S.W., Wu A.H., Pruitt M.A, & Rock C.L. (2014). Evaluation of Tamoxifen and metabolites by LC-MS/MS and HPLC Methods. British journal of biomedical science, 71(1), 33-39.

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Derivatization and Lipid Profiling

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L-2-chlorophenylalanine was purchased from Hengbai Biotech Co Ltd (Shanghai, China). The methoxy amination hydrochloride (chromatographic grade), pyridine and chloroform were all from Admas (Shanghai, China). In addition, we bought BSTFA (including 1% TMCS, v/v) from REGIS Technologies Inc (Morton Grove, IL, USA) and methanol (HPLC grade) from ANPEL Laboratory Technologies Inc (Shanghai, China). Saturated fatty acid methyl lipids (C8, C9, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20, C22, C24) were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). Deionized water (Thermo; Waltham, MA, USA) was used throughout the experiment. We used 20 µΜ/L and 40 µM/L BPTES in DMSO for subsequent experimental verification.

Xu D., Ning N., Xu Y., Wang B., Cui Q., Liu Z., Wang X., Liu D., Chen H, & Kong M.G. (2019). Effect of cold atmospheric plasma treatment on the metabolites of human leukemia cells. Cancer Cell International, 19, 135.

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Metabolomic Profiling using GC-MS

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Pyridine and chloroform were purchased from Admas (Shanghai, China). Bistrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and 1% trimethyl chloro silane (TMCS, v/v) were from REGIS Technologies Inc (Morton Grove, IL, USA) and methanol (HPLC grade) from CNW Technologies (Shanghai, China). L-2-Chlorophenylalanine was from Hengbai Biotechnology Co Ltd (Shanghai, China). Methoxyamine hydrochloride was from TCI company (Shanghai, China). Deionized water (Thermo; Waltham, MA, USA) was used throughout the experiment.

Yang Y., Xu D., Ning N, & Xu Y. (2019). Analysis of Metabolite Profiling in Human Endothelial Cells after Plasma Jet Treatment. BioMed Research International, 2019, 3015150.

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