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Total lipids were extracted from Thlaspi arvense seeds (0.5 g) in four successive maturation phases (green, green-yellow, yellow-green and dry phase) with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) as described by Bligh and Dyer (1959) . Fatty acid methyl esters of total lipids or individual lipid classes were produced by acid-catalyzed transmethylation (Garcés and Mancha, 1993) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), using a 7890A (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA USA) fitted with a capillary column (60-m length; 0.25-mm inner diameter; 0.2µm film thickness) of fused silica (Supelco, Bellafonte, PA, USA) and a FID detector.
Helium was used as a carrier gas with a linear rate of 1.2 ml min -1 and split ratio of 1/100. The injector temperature was 250 ºC and the detector temperature was 260 °C. The oven temperature was modified as follows: 170 °C for 30 min, then raising the temperature by 5 ºC/min to 200 ºC. 17:0 was used as an internal standard. Data from fatty acid analysis were obtained from three biological experiments in the case of plants grown in culture chamber and two independent biological experiments for plants grown in the field plots. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare treatments. Statistical analyses were carried out with the program Statgraphics Plus for Windows 2.1, using a level of significance of 0.05.