Acetylcholinesterase ache

Semen Strychni, Paeoniae Radix Alba, and Flos Daturae were obtained commercially from Anguo Lengbei Co., Ltd. (Anguo, China). Voucher specimens (Semen Strychni, MQZ-2016-002, Paeoniae Radix Alba, BS-2016-001, Flos Daturae, YJH-2016-001,) were deposited in the School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. Standards of Str, Bru, and acetaminophen (internal standard, IS) were acquired from the National Institute for Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). The purity of each standard was not less than 98.5%. All commercial kits used in the experiment were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotech Inc. (Nanjing, China) including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was provided by Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Formic acid was supplied by Kermel Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). All primers were synthesized by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals were of analytical grade or better unless otherwise specified.

WOPs were provided by Beijing Huataitai Biotechnology Co., LTD (Beijing, China), in a faint yellow solid powder, and mainly consist of macromolecule peptides with molecules below 1000 D. WOPs are rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, and leucine. The amino acid composition of WOPs has already been described in our pervious study [16 (link),17 (link),18 (link),19 (link),20 (link)].
Assay kits used to determine oxidative stress and cholinergic were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Research Institute (Nanjing, China), including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT). The proinflammatory factors assay, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β were purchased from MultiSciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China) and Beijing Zhongshang Boao Bio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), respectively. TRIzol and the DNeasy Tissue Kit were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA) and QIAGEN Sciences (Germantown, MD, USA), respectively. The secondary antibody (anti-rabbit or anti-mouse) was obtained from CST, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95), APP and Aβ1-42.

The lavender essential oil (LO) was provided by Yili Brother Biotech, Inc (Xinjiang, China). LO is extracted by steam distillation from Lavandula angustifolia grown in Xinjiang and harvested in August 2015. Linalool (LI, Figure 1) with a purity of 98.5% determined by HPLC was obtained from the National institutes for Food and Drug Control (ID: 4BJH-UDPM, Beijing, China). D-galactose (D-gal) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃) were purchased from (Amresco Company, Solon, OH, USA). Assay kits of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), malondialdehyde (MDA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Institute (Nanjing, China). Rabbit antibodies to HO-1 and Nrf2 (1 : 1000, Abcam, USA) were form Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA) and rabbit antibodies to CaMKII, p-CaMKII, BDNF, TrkB, β-actin, and Horseradish peroxidase- (HRP-) conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA). Protein extraction kit and BCA protein assay kit and ECL kit were from Cwbio (Beijing, China).