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5 protocols using hematoxylin staining solution

1

Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Assessment

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MRI was performed on all rats using a 7.0 T animal-specific MRI system (Bruker PharmaScan, Lucken, Germany). The degree of disc degeneration was assessed according to the Pfirrmann classification (
Supplementary Table S1) [
27 (link),
28 (link) ]. After MRI, the rats were euthanized, and the corresponding segmental discs were taken for histological examination. For Safranin O-Fast Green (SOFG) staining, each paraffin-embedded sample was sectioned at 4 μm and stained with 0.2% Safranin O solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, USA) for 15 min and with 0.2% Fast Green solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 min. For HE staining, hematoxylin staining solution (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the sections and incubated for 5 min. Sections were rinsed to remove excess staining solution, and then eosin staining solution (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the sections and incubated for 2 min. Then, sections were dehydrated in ethanol and incubated with xylene for 5 min. Finally, the slices were sealed with neutral gum and subject to microscopic observation.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Nanoparticles

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TRC105 was provided by TRACON Pharmaceuticals Inc. (San Diego, CA). p-SCN-Bn-NOTA (i.e., 2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid) was acquired from Macrocyclics, Inc. (Dallas, TX). NHS-fluorescein, hematoxylin staining solution, and Chelex 100 resin (50–100 mesh), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), triethanolamine (TEA), (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APS), Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC, 25 wt %), copper(II) chloride (CuCl2), sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S·9H2O) and dodium citrate dehydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). AlexaFluor488- and Cy3-labeled secondary antibodies were purchased from Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories, Inc. (West Grove, CA). PD-10 columns were purchased from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ). Absolute ethanol, sodium chloride (NaCl), doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. SCM-PEG5k-Mal was obtained from Creative PEGworks. Water and all buffers were of Millipore grade and pretreated with Chelex 100 resin to ensure that the aqueous solution was free of heavy metals. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.
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3

Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining of Ischemic Brain Tissue

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Ischemic cerebral tissue was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) for 4 days, trimmed to the appropriate shape and thickness, dehydrated, cleared, and embedded in wax, before sectioning to a thickness of 4 µm, and immersed in hematoxylin staining solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 min at room temperature. Sections were then washed with ultrapure water for 1 min before being dewaxed and rehydrated, immersed in 1% hydrochloric acid alcohol solution for 30 s and rinsed with ultrapure water until the tissue turned blue. Next, the sections were immersed in eosin staining solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 3–5 min, and excess color was rinsed off with ultrapure water. After the samples were dehydrated, cleared, and sealed with neutral gum, the nuclei of neuron were observed under a microscope (Olympus Co., Ltd., Japan).
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4

Bioconjugation of TRC105 with NOTA

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TRC105 was provided by TRACON Pharmaceuticals Inc. (San Diego, CA). p-SCN-Bn-NOTA (i.e., 2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7- triacetic acid) was acquired from Macrocyclics, Inc. (Dallas, TX). NHS-fluorescein, hematoxylin staining solution, and Chelex 100 resin (50~100 mesh), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), triethanolamine (TEA), (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APS), Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC, 25 wt%), copper(II) chloride (CuCl2), sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S·9H2O) and dodium citrate dehydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). AlexaFluor488- and Cy3-labeled secondary antibodies were purchased from Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories, Inc. (West Grove, CA). PD-10 columns were purchased from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ). Absolute ethanol, sodium chloride (NaCl), doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. SCM-PEG5k-Mal was obtained from Creative PEGworks. Water and all buffers were of Millipore grade and pretreated with Chelex 100 resin to ensure that the aqueous solution was free of heavy metals. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.
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5

Microscopic Evaluation of EPA-PC and EPA-PE Effects

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95D cells (3 × 103 cells per well) were seeded into 24-well plates. The cells of treatment groups were incubated with EPA-PC (25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) or EPA-PE (25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) for 24 h, while the cells of the control group were incubated in the medium. Cells were then fixed with 95% alcohol for 20 min and stained with 0.5% (w/v) hematoxylin staining solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 min. After washing thoroughly with running water, diluted hydrochloric acid was added for color separation. Subsequently, the cells were immersed in ammonia water for approximately 5 min until the cells turned blue. Ultimately, the stained cells were placed under a microscope (IX51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for observation and photographing.
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