Activated carbons were prepared using neem and cotton husks. The neem husks were supplied by women who process neem fruits into oil in the Mora locality (1°02'45″ North, 14°08'24″ East), while cotton husks were supplied by Societé de Développement du Cotton (SODECOTON), an oil processing factory in Maroua town, both situated in the Far North Region of Cameroon. The pods were packaged in polyethylene plastics and transported to the Chemistry Laboratory of the University of Maroua. The neem and cotton husks were thoroughly washed with water, dried, and crushed using a mortar. The obtained powder was then sieved to obtain a particle size less than 50 μm. Activated carbons were produced by carbonizing 50g of the sieved powder in a muffle furnace (NABERTHERM GmbH, USA) at 600 °C for 3h. The charred samples were then treated with 14 N and 15 N phosphoric acid for 2, 6, 12, and 24h at room temperature (conventional activation) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min in a microwave (microwave activation) respectively. The resulting activated carbons (ACs) were thoroughly cleaned with distilled water to remove residual acid and dried at 105 °C for 24h using an oven. To select the most efficient activated carbon for cotton seed oil decolorization, preliminary bleaching experiments were conducted with the ACs at 80 °C for 20 min.
Muffle furnace
Manufactured by Nabertherm
Sourced in Germany, United States
The Nabertherm Muffle Furnace is a laboratory equipment designed to provide a controlled heating environment for various applications. It features a refractory-lined chamber that can be heated to high temperatures, enabling the processing of materials such as ceramics, metals, or other substances that require thermal treatment. The core function of the muffle furnace is to provide a consistent and precise thermal environment for experimental or analytical purposes.
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Lab products found in correlation
Fp 528, by Leco (4 mentions)
1201 oxygen bomb calorimeter, by Parr (2 mentions)
Heratherm ogs100, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
D 6072, by Nabertherm (2 mentions)
Ankom 200 fiber analyzer, by ANKOM Technology (1 mentions)
Fe sem, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Heratherm oven, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
K ybgl, by Megazyme (1 mentions)
Adiabatic bomb calorimeter, by Parr (1 mentions)
Libo2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Primacs snc 100, by Skalar (1 mentions)
Suprapur hno3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oven u, by Memmert (1 mentions)
Ticl4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Analytical balance, by Ohaus (1 mentions)
Aanalyst 800, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Nitric acid hno3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Milli q water purification system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ankom 220 fiber analyzer, by ANKOM Technology (1 mentions)
Aa 6880f, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
54 protocols using muffle furnace
1
Activated Carbons from Neem and Cotton Husks
2
Nutrient Composition and Body Weight Analysis
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The FA composition of the FO was analysed by gas chromatography [24 (link)]. Samples of the concentrate pellets were taken twice weekly, and composited into weekly samples, before storage at − 20 °C pending analysis for DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, ash, gross energy (GE) and percentage oil. Samples were milled through a 1-mm screen using a Christy and Norris hammer mill (Christy and Norris Process Engineers Ltd., Chelmsford, UK); DM was determined by oven drying at 104 °C for a minimum of 16 h. Ash was determined on all materials after ignition of a known weight of ground material in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Bremen, Germany) at 550 °C for 4 h. The neutral and acid detergent fibre concentrations of the concentrate were obtained using an Ankom-200 fiber analyzer (Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY) [25 (link)]. The crude protein content (total N × 6.25) was determined with a Leco FP 528 nitrogen analyzer (Leco Instruments UK Ltd., Newby Road, Hazel Grove, Stockport, Cheshire, UK) [26 (link)]. Ether extract was determined with a Soxtec instrument (Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden), while GE was determined with a Parr 1201 oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr, Moline IL).
Body weight gain was calculated by fitting a linear regression through body weights recorded during the experiment.
Body weight gain was calculated by fitting a linear regression through body weights recorded during the experiment.
3
Rigorous Glassware Preparation
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All glassware used for sampling and sample preparation were washed in a laboratory dishwasher (Miele, Wals, Austria) with demineralized water and laboratory washing agents ProCare Lab 10 MA and ProCare Lab 30 C (Miele). Later, the glassware was rinsed twice with ultra‐pure water and heated in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm GMBH, Lilienthal, Germany) for 4 h at 480°C.
4
Detailed Feed Composition Analysis
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The feed samples were milled through a 1mm screen (Christy and Norris hammer mill, Ipswich, UK). The dry matter (DM) of the feed was determined after drying at 103 °C for a minimum of 16 h. Ash was determined after ignition of a known weight of concentrate in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Bremen, Germany) at 500 °C for 4 h. The crude protein (CP) content was determined as Kjeldahl N × 6.25 using the LECO FP 528 instrument. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content was determined according to Van Soest et al.28 (link).
5
Biochar-Stabilized Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron
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The corn straw was pyrolyzed in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Frankfurt, Germany) under oxygen-limited conditions, maintained at temperatures of 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C for 4 h, and cooled to room temperature; then, each feedstock was air-dried and milled to pass through a 0.25 mm sieve for further analysis. The BCs produced at different temperatures were named BC400, BC500, BC600, and BC700, respectively.
BC-SnZVI was prepared using the modified method of Zhang [25 (link)]. Briefly, 1.89 g of BC produced at 600 °C was mixed with 8.00 g of FeSO4·7H2O in deionized water, and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then, the freshly prepared solution containing excessive NaBH4 and 0.75 g of Na2S2O4 was added to the mixture with vigorous stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere for another 1 h. The precipitate was collected and washed with deionized water and ethanol three times. Finally, the resulting precipitate was vacuum-dried at 70 °C. For the BC-SnZVI sample, the molar ratio of S/Fe was 0.3:1, and the mass ratio of SnZVI/BC was 1:1. To optimize the molar ratio of S/Fe and the mass ratio of SnZVI/BC, the molar ratio of S/Fe was varied from 0.2:1 to 0.4:1, and the mass ratio of SnZVI/BC was varied from 1:3 to 3:1.
BC-SnZVI was prepared using the modified method of Zhang [25 (link)]. Briefly, 1.89 g of BC produced at 600 °C was mixed with 8.00 g of FeSO4·7H2O in deionized water, and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then, the freshly prepared solution containing excessive NaBH4 and 0.75 g of Na2S2O4 was added to the mixture with vigorous stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere for another 1 h. The precipitate was collected and washed with deionized water and ethanol three times. Finally, the resulting precipitate was vacuum-dried at 70 °C. For the BC-SnZVI sample, the molar ratio of S/Fe was 0.3:1, and the mass ratio of SnZVI/BC was 1:1. To optimize the molar ratio of S/Fe and the mass ratio of SnZVI/BC, the molar ratio of S/Fe was varied from 0.2:1 to 0.4:1, and the mass ratio of SnZVI/BC was varied from 1:3 to 3:1.
6
Ash Content Determination Protocol
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The ash content was determined in triplicate for samples using a muffle furnace (Nabertherm GmbH, Lilienthal, Germany) (AOAC, 1923) . Approximately 5.0 g of homogenized samples
were weighed into crucibles and heated up to 600 ºC stepwise until a white ash was presented.
were weighed into crucibles and heated up to 600 ºC stepwise until a white ash was presented.
7
Feed Sample Characterization Methodology
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The feed samples were milled through a 1 mm screen (Christy and Norris hammer mill, Ipswich, UK). The dry matter (DM) of the feed was determined after drying overnight at 104 °C. Crude ash content was determined after the ignition of a known weight of concentrate in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Bremen, Germany) at 550 °C for 6 h. The crude protein (CP) content was determined as Kjeldahl N × 6.25 using the LECO FP 528 instrument. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content was determined according to Van Soest et al. [35 (link)].
8
Moisture and Ash Content Determination
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For moisture content determination, the samples (250 mg × 5 replicates (n = 5)) were dried in crucibles on an oven at 105 °C for 8 h. Moisture content (%) was obtained by Equation (1), as follows:
Ash content was quantified gravimetrically after direct incineration at 575 °C for 22 h of the dry sample (250 mg × 4 replicates (n = 4)) on a muffle furnace equipped with a ramp and landing program (Nabertherm GmbH, Lilienthal, Osterholz, Germany), in accordance with that described by Van Wychen and Laurens [60 ]. Ash content (% DW) was calculated using Equation (2), as follows:
Ash content was quantified gravimetrically after direct incineration at 575 °C for 22 h of the dry sample (250 mg × 4 replicates (n = 4)) on a muffle furnace equipped with a ramp and landing program (Nabertherm GmbH, Lilienthal, Osterholz, Germany), in accordance with that described by Van Wychen and Laurens [60 ]. Ash content (% DW) was calculated using Equation (2), as follows:
9
Feed Characterization and Analysis
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The feed samples were milled through a 1 mm screen (Christy and Norris hammer mill). The DM of the feed was determined after drying overnight at 104°C. Crude ash content was determined after ignition of a known weight of concentrate in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm) at 550°C for 6 h. The crude protein content was determined as Kjeldahl N × 6•25 using the LECO FP 528 instrument. The neutral-detergent fibre content was determined according to Van Soest et al. (21) .
10
Conventional Sintering of COK-12
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For comparison, conventional sintering, subsequently referred to as C-sintering, was performed by uniaxial pressing of COK-12 in a universal testing machine Z020 (ZwickRoell, Germany) at 25 MPa and 50 MPa. Equally, the weighed portion was 0.11 g COK-12 per sample. After pressing, the samples were subsequently sintered at 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C with a dwell time of 12 h in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Germany).
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