Sodium formate

ZrCl₄, NH₂BDC, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), alcohol dehydrogenase (AlcDH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), dodecane, protease, Span 80, metal complexes, and pyruvic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; benzoic acid and heptanoic anhydride were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI); 4-phenyl-2-butanol and benzyl acetone were purchased from Alfa; sodium formate was purchased from Macklin. These commercial reagents were used as received. Ultrapure water was obtained by our lab's ultrapure water machine (MZY-UR10V). SEM images were taken under 5 kV accelerating voltage using JEOL JSM-7600. Hitachi F-4600 fluorescence spectrometer was used to measure fluorescence data. UV absorption spectra were measured by SHIMADZU UV-1750. Hydrophobic modification data were carried out on a contact angle meter (KRUSS GmbH, DSA1005). The adsorption and desorption isotherms of nitrogen were analyzed by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). XRD patterns were recorded on a Rigaku (SC-XRD, XtaLAB mini II). Confocal fluorescence microscope data were carried out on ZEISS LSM880 confocal microscope system. The catalytic tests were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) LC-20D.

Soy protein isolate with 93% protein content was purchased by Gushen Biotechnology Co. (Shandong, China). Glycerol and glycol were obtained from Tianli Chemical Reagent Co. (Tianjin, China). Sodium periodate and sodium formate were obtained from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co. (Shanghai, China).

Streptavidin magnetic beads were purchased from New England Biolabs (NEB). Proteomic analysis was performed at Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI, Shenzhen, China). TMAO was purchased from Sigma (Sigma–Aldrich Company, Ltd., Dorset, United Kingdom). d-Serine and sodium formate were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Oligonucleotides were synthesized at GenScript (Nanjing, China). The primers used in this study are listed in Table S1 in the supplemental material. All strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table S2. Strains were cultured in Luria broth (LB) or modified M9 minimum medium (glycerol was used as a carbon source) at 37°C or 28°C. Aerobic cultures were established in conical vials with aeration by shaking at 220 rpm in an incubator. For anaerobic culture, culture tubes were filled completely with culture medium, inoculated, and sealed tightly with threaded caps prior to standing incubation. When necessary, ampicillin, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol were added at final concentrations of 100 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 25 μg/mL, respectively.