Caco 2 cells

HeLa, A549, and THP-1 cell lines were purchased from ATCC, the HaCat cell line was purchased from Cell Lines Service, HUVECs and NHEKs were purchased from PromoCell, and Caco-2 cells were purchased from the Riken Cell Bank. HeLa and A549 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Nacalai Tesque) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and 50 μg/ml gentamicin (Nacalai Tesque), and the THP-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Nacalai Tesque) supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg/ml gentamicin. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages by stimulating them with 50 ng/ml phorbol 12-myristate for 72 h. HUVECs were maintained with the endothelial cell growth medium 2 kit (PromoCell) supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg/ml gentamicin. NHEKs were cultured with the keratinocyte growth medium 2 kit (PromoCell), and Caco-2 cells were maintained in minimum essential medium (Wako) supplemented with 10% FBS and 50 μg/ml gentamicin. Cells were incubated in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37°C.