Texture exponent 32 program

The texture profile analysis (TPA) of apricot pulp cylinders after 3D printing was performed using a TA.XT.plus texturometer (from Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Surrey, UK). The TPA was conducted using a 4 cm diameter cylindrical aluminum probe and a 50 kg load cell. The analysis was performed with double compression at a speed of 0.5 mm/s with a 5 s rest period between cycles and a 40% deformation of the original length. The parameters of hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and resilience were extracted using the Texture Exponent 32 program (from Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Surrey, UK). All samples were tested in triplicate.

TPA and puncture tests were carried out using a TA.XT.plus texturometer (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Surrey, UK) and Texture Exponent 32 program (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Surrey, UK) was used for data analysis. The TPA of the crumb was executed with a cylindrical aluminium probe (4 cm in diameter) using a 50 kg load cell. The crosshead speed was 0.5 mm/s, with a rest period of 5 s between cycles and the deformation was 40% of the original length. Six textural parameters were determined from each curve: hardness (peak force of the first compression cycle in N), adhesiveness (negative area under the baseline between the compression cycles in N s), cohesiveness (ratio of positive force area during the second compression compared to that during the first compression, dimensionless), springiness (ratio of the time duration of force input during the second compression to that obtained during the first compression, dimensionless), chewiness (hardness multiplied by cohesiveness multiplied by springiness in N), and resilience the ratio of the area under the curve of the second half of the first cycle to the first half [33 ].
A puncture test was carried out using a 2 mm probe with a crosshead speed of 0.6 mm/s. The force-time curve was registered, and maximum puncture force (N) was obtained.

The Warner Blatzler blade (rectangular slot blade (HDP/WBR)) was incorporated into the TA.XT.plus texturometer (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Surrey, UK) to perform a shear force test using the Texture Exponent 32 program (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Surrey, UK). For the compression test, the freeze-dried samples were deposited in the center of the Heavy-Duty Platform, which has a groove that acts as a guide for the blade. The test was performed at a speed of 2 mm/s and a blade travel distance of 15 mm. The force/time curves were used to obtain the maximum force (F_M (N)), the area under the curve (area (N s)), and count peaks, used to obtain the peaks/time ratio (PTR (Peaks/s)).