O phenylenediamine

Absolute ethanol (EtOH, G.R.), citric acid (CA), o‐phenylenediamine (oPD), ethylene diamine (EDA), salicylaldehyde (SA), benzaldehyde (BA), 2‐chlorobenzaldehyde (ClBA), 2‐chloro‐6‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (ClSA), and dodecanoic acid were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Concentrated H₂SO₄ (98 wt%) were purchased from Shuangshuang Chemical Co., Ltd. All chemical reagents were used directly as received without further purification. Ultrapure (Milli‐Q) water was used for all experiments and obtained from a SZ‐93A water purification system.

Standards of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, formononetin and rutin (Internal standard, IS) were supplied by Testing Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of HKUST (Hong Kong, China). The purity of each standard was > 98%, as detected by HPLC-DAD and ¹³C-NMR analysis. The HPLC grade acetonitrile and formic acid were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water (18 MW/cm) was supplied with a Direct-Q water purification system (Millipore, Milford, MA). Acquity UPLC C₁₈ column (Waters, Milford, MA). Tris, p-nitrophenol (PNP), p-nitropheny-β-D-glucopyranoside (PNP-D-Glu), α-glucosidase, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and O-phenylenediamine were purchased from Macklin Biochemical (Shanghai, China). DPPH was gained from TCI Chemical Industry (Shanghai, China). Other materials were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

CoCl₂·6H₂O, tannin, silver acetate, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), o-phenylenediamine (OPD) and gelatin were obtained from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acrylic anhydride was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O_2, 30%), aqueous ammonia, acetic acid and ethanol were the products of Tianjin Kermel Chemical Plant (Tianjin, China). 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA), the live/dead (SYTO 9/PI) bacterial viability kit and PE anti-mouse CD45 (Cat# 12-0451-82) were received from Thermo Fisher Scientific (New Jersey, USA). The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay kit was obtained from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was obtained from Solarbio Life Science (Beijing, China). FITC anti-mouse F4/80 (Cat# 123108) and FITC anti-mouse Ly-6C/Ly-6C (Gr-1) (Cat# 108406) were obtained from Biolegend (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-Ly6G + Ly6c (ab25377) and anti F4/80 (ab111101) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). GTVisionTM I detection system/Mo&Rb (GK500510A) was received from Gene Tech (Shanghai) company limited. Four strains of MDR P. aeruginosa (21027, 20059, 21173, 21715) were kindly provided by Qingdao Municipal Hospital (China). Doubly deionized water was purified by a Unique-R20 purification system (Xiamen, China).