Hydrofluoric acid

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Hydrofluoric acid is a highly corrosive chemical compound with the formula HF. It is used in various industrial and laboratory applications that require strong acid solutions.

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Hydrofluoric acid (HF) (10 citations)

32 protocols using hydrofluoric acid

Synthesis of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Materials

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Phenol (99 + %), NaOH (97 + %), conc. HCl (37%), poly(N,N-diallyl -N,N-dimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA-Cl, M_n = 400–500 kg mol^–1, 20% w/w in H₂O), Ludox HS40 silica colloid (40% w/w in H₂O), 1,3-dioxlane (DOL, 99.8%), cyanamide (99%), 1,2-dimethoxymethane (DME, 99.5%), lithium nitrate (LiNO₃, 99.99%), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (LiTFSI, 99.95%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Formaldehyde solution (37% w/w in H₂O), lithium metal strip (0.75 mm thick, 99.9%), and sulfur (99.5%) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Hydrofluoric acid (48%) was obtained from Acros Organics. Ethanol (88.5–92.5% v/v) was obtained from Macron Fine chemicals. CNF (>98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Li L., Pascal T.A., Connell J.G., Fan F.Y., Meckler S.M., Ma L., Chiang Y.M., Prendergast D, & Helms B.A. (2017). Molecular understanding of polyelectrolyte binders that actively regulate ion transport in sulfur cathodes. Nature Communications, 8, 2277.

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Preparation of Rice Husk-Based Adsorbents

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The chemicals used in this study were (>99%, QREC, Malaysia), glucose (>99%, Qrec, Malaysia), sodium hydroxide (>99%, Qrec), nitric acid (69%, Qrec, Malaysia), hydrofluoric acid (>49%, Qrec), bisphenol A (BPA, 97%, Acros Organics, Netherlands), ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA, >98%, BDH Limited Poole England), ascorbic acid (>99.5%, Qrec) and methanol (AR grade, Qrec, Malaysia). All the chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Ultrapure water generated by Millipore Direct-Q™3 Ultrapure Water Purification System (Fisher Scientific, USA) was used to prepare the solutions. Rice husk was collected from a local rice milling company in Penang, Malaysia.

Shittu F.B., Iqbal A., Ahmad M.N., Yusop M.R., Ibrahim M.N., Sabar S., Wilson L.D, & Yanto D.H. (2022). Insight into the photodegradation mechanism of bisphenol-A by oxygen doped mesoporous carbon nitride under visible light irradiation and DFT calculations. RSC Advances, 12(17), 10409-10423.

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Porous Silicon Fabrication by Electrochemical Etching

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PSi samples were prepared through the room-temperature wet electrochemical etching of a p-type, B-doped, one-side-polished Si wafer with a thickness of 525 ± 25 μm and a resistivity of 1–10 Ω cm, oriented in the 〈100〉 direction. 2 × 2 cm² p-type Si samples were placed in lab-made Teflon cells, with a piece of Cu foil serving as the back working electrode and a small O-ring used to adhere the PSi samples to the cells (Fig. 1a). The area exposed to the etching solution was approximately 0.8 cm², and a constant current density of 50 mA cm⁻² was applied for 20 min. The etching solution was composed of hydrofluoric acid (48–51% in water, Acros Organics), isopropyl alcohol (99.5%, Shimakyu), and deionized (DI) water in a 1 : 2 : 1 volume ratio. A Pt disk (0.6 cm²) was immersed in the solution as a counter electrode. No other chemical or thermal treatment was conducted after etching. The cells and samples were then washed with ethanol and dried under a stream of nitrogen.

Huang S.Y., Gao W.N., Chou C.M, & Hsiao V.K. (2023). Porous silicon decorated with Au/TiO2 nanocomposites for efficient photoinduced enhanced Raman spectroscopy. RSC Advances, 13(23), 15634-15639.

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Determination of 90Sr/90Y in Infant Formula

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Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and hydrofluoric acid were purchased from ACROS Organics (Carlsbad, CA). The Sr resin is obtained from Eichrom Technologies (Lisle, IL). All other reagents were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). TBP (99+%) is used for extraction; all other chemicals used in the analysis are ACS Grade or better. NIST traceable radionuclide standards were obtained from Eckert and Ziegler. The lower concentration ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y solution, 1.618 Bq/mL (Reference Date: April 1, 2014), in a 0.1 M HCl solution containing approximately 20 μg/g Sr and 10 μg/g of Y, was purchased directly. The higher concentration ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y solution is prepared by dilution of an Eckert and Ziegler standard prepared in a 0.1 M HCl solution with 30 μg/g of both Sr and Y carriers. The standard is diluted with 0.1 M HCl gravimetrically to a final activity concentration of 40.63 Bq/g (Reference Date: April 8, 2019). The yttrium carrier used to evaluate chemical recovery is prepared by dissolving yttrium oxide in 1 M nitric acid to provide a Y³⁺ concentration of 20 mg/mL. The strontium carrier contains 90 mg/mL of Sr²⁺ in 0.016 M nitric acid.
Infant formula (Enfamil NueroPro, Milk-Based Powder with Iron) for analysis was purchased from a local grocery store.

Garnick K., Wetherby AE J.r., Sweeney B., Scott T.A, & Wei C. (2021). A rapid method for analysis of non-equilibrated 90Sr/90Y in infant formula. Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry, 330, 979-984.

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Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Electrodes

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All chemical reagents were
used as received without further purification. Toluene (anhydrous,
99.8%), borane–tetrahydrofuran complex solution (BH₃OC₄H₈, 1.0 M in THF), 1,4-diethynylbenzene
(C₁₀H₆, 96%), 1-octene (C₁₀H₁₆, 98%), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (Pd-(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, 98%), copper(I) iodide (CuI,
>98.0%), triethylamine (TEA) (N(C₂H₅)₃, 99.0%), vinylene carbonate (VC) (99%), sodium chloride (NaCl)
(≥98.0%),
and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) (average M_v ∼ 450 000) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrofluoric
acid (HF, 48–51%) and ammonium hydroxide solution (NH₄OH, 25%) were purchased from J.T. Baker and Acros Organic, respectively.
Super P carbon black, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP),
Cu-foil, and Li-metal were obtained from Wellcos Corporation (South
Korea). Ethanol (EtOH) (C₂H₅OH, 99.5%) and methanol
(MeOH) (CH₃OH, 99.5%) were purchased from Dae-Jung (South
Korea). 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene (C₈H₅Br, >98.0%)
was purchased from TCI. One molar lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) in ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)
(1:1 v/v) was obtained from Soul-Brain (South Korea).

Choi Y.H., Park H., Lee S, & Jeong H.D. (2020). Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of π-Conjugated Molecule Bridged Silicon Quantum Dot Cluster as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Omega, 5(15), 8629-8637.

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Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene Sheets

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Ti₃C₂T_x samples were synthesized from their precursor Ti₃AlC₂ (MRC, Ukraine, < 37 μm particle size). For Ti₃C₂T_x-10HF, 1.0 g of Ti₃AlC₂ (< 37 μm particle size) powder was added into 20 mL of 10 wt.% hydrofluoric acid (50 wt.%, Acros Organics) over 5 min. The etchant solution was stirred for 18 h at 35 °C. For Ti₃C₂T_x-30HF, 1.0 g Ti₃AlC₂ was added to 20 mL of 30 wt.% HF and stirred for 3 h at 35 °C. Following etching, the samples were mixed with deionized water, then centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min. This was repeated until the supernatant pH reached ~6. After the final centrifugation, the sediment of each MXene was collected via vacuum-assisted filtration, and the resulting MXene powders were kept under vacuum at room temperature.

Zhao Q., Seredych M., Precetti E., Shuck C.E., Harhay M., Pang R., Shan C.X, & Gogotsi Y. (2020). Adsorption of Uremic Toxins Using Ti3C2Tx MXene for Dialysate Regeneration. ACS nano, 14(9), 11787-11798.

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Characterization of Polymer Brush Particles

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Inorganic content of particle brushes and decomposition characteristics were made using weight fractions measured from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) on a Q50 TGA analyzer from TA Instruments under nitrogen up to 850°C at a scan rate of 20°C/min. To study decomposition, we held temperature at a selected value (that is, 250°C) for a period of time and slowed the scan period (5°C /min) to accurately assess weight loss before continued scanning at the normal rate.
Molecular weight and dispersity were measured by GPC using a Waters 515 pump and Waters 2414 differential refractometer (λ = 930 nm) and a Wyatt Technology DAWN EOS multiangle laser light scattering detector using PSS columns (Styrogel 10⁵, 10³, and 10² Å) for PS and Waters Microstyragel columns (guard, 10², 10³, and 10⁵ Å) in THF as an eluent (35°C, flow rate of 1 ml/min) with toluene and diphenyl ether used as internal references. Linear PS or PMMA standard was used for calibration. Chains were cleaved from particles by etching of particles in Hydrofluoric acid (HF) in a polypropylene vial for 20 hours, neutralized with ammonium hydroxide, and dried with magnesium sulfate before running GPC. Hydrofluoric acid (50 volume % HF) was purchased from Acros Organics and used as received. THF was purchased from Aldrich and used as received.

Schmitt M., Zhang J., Lee J., Lee B., Ning X., Zhang R., Karim A., Davis R.F., Matyjaszewski K, & Bockstaller M.R. (2016). Polymer ligand–induced autonomous sorting and reversible phase separation in binary particle blends. Science Advances, 2(12), e1601484.

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Comprehensive Chemical Reagent Protocol

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Anhydrous pyridine (reagent
grade), BSTFA with 1% TMCS, formic acid, glycerol, glycine, HCl, methanol
(HPLC grade), NaCl, NaOH, proteinase K, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tris
base, and hydrofluoric acid (48–51%) were purchased from Thermo
Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). A mixture of n-alkanes
C9–C18 was purchased from Phenomenex (Torrance, CA) and n-alkanes C19, C20, and a mixture of C21–C40 were
purchased from Millipore Sigma (Burlington, MA). BHI was purchased
from Becton Dickinson (Sparks, MD). MgSO₄ was purchased
from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). DNase and RNase were purchased
from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA). A phosphate standard solution was
purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Trudelle D.M., Bryan D.W., Ray S., Munafo JP J.r, & Denes T.G. (2022). Analysis of Derivatized Wall Teichoic Acids Confirms that a Mutation in Phage-Resistant Listeria monocytogenes Impacts Rhamnose Decoration. ACS Omega, 7(20), 17002-17013.

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Analytical Reagents for Radiotracer Studies

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All laboratory reagents (hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ferric hydroxide, copper oxide, TEA and EDTA) were from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and were of Analytical Reagent Grade.
Barium-133 internal tracer was supplied by Amersham International. Polonium-208, thorium-229 and plutonium-242 internal tracers were supplied by the National Physical Laboratory (UK). Uranium-232 internal tracer was supplied by Harwell Technology (Oxford, UK).

McAdam K., Kimpton H., Porter A., Liu C., Faizi A., Mola M., McAughey J, & Rodu B. (2017). Comprehensive survey of radionuclides in contemporary smokeless tobacco products. Chemistry Central Journal, 11, 131.

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Graphene Oxide Synthesis and Characterization

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Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by the modified Hummers’ method53 (link). Titanium n-butoxide (>99%), hydrofluoric acid (48–51%), thiourea (>99%), and methyl blue were purchased from Alfa Aesar and used as received without further purification.

Wang W., Wang Z., Liu J., Luo Z., Suib S.L., He P., Ding G., Zhang Z, & Sun L. (2017). Single-step One-pot Synthesis of TiO2 Nanosheets Doped with Sulfur on Reduced Graphene Oxide with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity. Scientific Reports, 7, 46610.

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