Stimuli, presented at room temperature when evaluated by panelists, included the currently available liquid formulation of Kaletra (Abbott Laboratories, USA) which contains the following excipients: ethanol, high fructose corn syrup, saccharin, sodium chloride, citric acid, menthol, peppermint oil, cotton candy, vanilla, and other flavors. Panelists also evaluated a battery of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) taste stimuli: common excipients (0.6 M sucrose, 0.3 M sodium chloride, 20% v/v ethanol) and bitter-tasting stimuli commonly used in taste research (but not contained in Kaletra): 0.008 M caffeine, 0.5 M urea, 4.92 × 10−7 M denatonium, 560 μM propylthiouracil (PTU), and 1.19 × 10−4 M quinine. We included PTU and quinine because they are medications used historically to treat thyroid disorders43 (link),44 (link) and malaria45 , respectively. We also included PTU as a control stimulus since the association between its taste and TAS2R38 genotype is one of the most studied and robust traits in human genetics29 (link),42 (link),46 (link)–49 (link) and is now regarded as a benchmark in genotype-taste phenotype and genome wide association studies50 (link).
Kaletra
Manufactured by Abbott
Sourced in United States
Kaletra is a medication used to treat HIV infection. It is a combination of two antiviral medications, lopinavir and ritonavir, which work together to inhibit the replication of the HIV virus.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using kaletra
1
Taste Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients
2
COVID-19 Pneumonia Treatment Protocol
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The hospital protocol for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia in March and April 2020 included: lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra®, Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA), 200/50 mg/mL solution taken twice a day, and hydroxychloroquine (Dolquine®, Rubió, Barcelona, Spain), 400 mg taken twice a day. According to inflammatory criteria, treatment could also include interferon 1β (Betaferon®, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany), 0.25 mg taken every 48 h, corticosteroids (Urbason®, Aventis, Paris, France), 240 mg taken every day for three days, tocilizumab (RoActemra®, Roche, Basel, Switzerland), baricitinib (Olumiant®, Lilly, Indianapolis, IA, USA) or anakinra (Kineret®, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA). In case of suspected bacterial superinfection, antibiotic treatment is required. Oxygen support (nasal cannula, high flow nasal cannula, and non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation) was administered to patients based on the severity of hypoxemia.
3
Delamanid and antiretroviral therapy study
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Delamanid tablets were manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Japan). Tenofovir was supplied as commercially available Viread manufactured by Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Foster City, CA), and lopinavir/ritonavir was supplied as commercially available Kaletra manufactured by Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of the five following treatments for 14 days: 100 mg of delamanid (two 50-mg tablets) twice daily, 300 mg of tenofovir (one 300-mg Viread tablet) once daily, 300 mg of tenofovir once daily plus 100 mg of delamanid twice daily, 400 mg of lopinavir and 100 mg of ritonavir (two 200/50-mg Kaletra tablets) twice daily, or 400 mg of lopinavir and 100 mg of ritonavir twice daily plus 100 mg of delamanid twice daily. All doses were given orally with 240 ml of room temperature still water. The once-daily dose or the morning dose of the twice-daily regimens was given within 30 min of the start of a standard meal. The evening dose of twice-daily regimens was given 12 h after the morning dose and within 30 min after the start of a standard meal.
4
Tocilizumab and Standard of Care for COVID-19
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The patients received tocilizumab (Actemra, Hoffmann–La Roche holding company, France) at a dose of 400 mg as a single dose via intravenous (IV) infusion over 2 h. All patients received only one dose of 400 mg of tocilizumab based on the limitation of tocilizumab resources and the patients’ response. For all patients, oxygenation was considered via nasal cannula, face mask, noninvasive strategies, or mechanical ventilation. The standard of care regimen consisted of 2 tablets of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra, Abbott Laboratories, 200/50 mg per tablet) twice a day, which was considered for all patients for up to 5 days.
5
Antiretroviral Drug Dissolution and Application
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APV and LPV for in-vitro experiments were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc (Ontario, Canada). Both antiretroviral drugs were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO Hybri-Max; Sigma, Oakville, Ontario, Canada). FosAPV (oral Lexiva; ViiV Healthcare, Laval, Quebec, Canada), ritonavir (oral Norvir; Abbott Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) and LPV/ritonavir (oral Kaletra; Abbott Laboratories) were used for in-vivo studies.
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