atomic force microscope. An integrated blueDrive (Asylum Research)
laser was used to actuate the oscillation of the cantilever (AC-55
TS, Olympus) in the IL. During AFM scanning, the cantilever, gate
electrode plate (Au), and SCO sample were all covered by the IL (
voltage was applied by an external source meter (Keithley 2400). The
ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
(EMIM-TFSI), was used for all IL gating experiments. The IL and the
devices were separately baked at 380 K in high vacuum (10–7 mbar) for at least 12 h before the gating experiments were carried
out. Except for the H2O-vol % dependent XPS measurements,
dried IL was otherwise used for all measurements.