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7 protocols using st1202

1

Immunohistochemical Quantification of CPT1A and PGC1α

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Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed as previously described.41, 42 The results were separately quantified by 2 pathologists from Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China. The negative to positive patterns (denoted as – to +++) and IHC scores were determined by their staining intensity and positive rate. Anti–CPT1A (ab128568, Abcam) and anti–PGC1α (ST‐1202, Millipore) were used to detect the respective proteins.
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2

Protein Extraction and Analysis from C2C12 Cells

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We use RIPA lysis buffer containing 1 mM PMSF to lyse C2C12 cell or muscles. For the nuclear or cytoplasmic protein extraction, proteins were isolated according to the procedure of the nuclear extraction kit (Solarbio, SN0020). Protein concentration was determined using a BCA protein assays kit. After sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, primary antibodies were used, including rabbit anti‐β‐tubulin (bs‐1482M, 1:5,000, Bioss), rabbit anti‐SUNCR1 (NBP1‐00861, 1:1,000, Novus), mouse anti‐MyHC I (ab11083, 1:1,000; Abcam), rabbit anti‐MyHC IIa (ab124937, 1:1,000, Abcam), goat anti‐MyHC IIb (sc‐168672, 1:500; Santa Cruz), mouse anti‐PGC‐1α (ST1202, 1:1,000, Millipore), rabbit anti‐histone (4499S, 1:2,000; CST), mouse anti‐NFAT (sc‐7294, 1:500; Santa Cruz), rabbit anti‐NRF‐1 (#12381s, 1:2,000, CST), rabbit anti‐calcineurin (#2614s, 1:2,000; CST), rabbit anti‐Myoglobin (ab77232, 1:1,000, Abcam), and rabbit anti‐MEF2A (#97365, 1:2,000; CST). Protein expression levels were determined using MetaMorph software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health, USA).
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3

Quantifying Nuclear PGC1α Levels

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U87 cells were harvested after treatment by DMSO or Ki8751, or after transfection by shRNA (shSCR, sh#1, #2, #3). Cell pellets were washed once with PBS, and preparation of cytoplasmic extract and nuclear extract were then conducted by using NE-PER™ Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents (#78833, Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The protein levels were quantified and the same amounts of protein (50 μg cytoplasmic proteins and 15 μg nuclear proteins) were loaded on SDS-PAGE gels and run Western blot to compare PGC1α expression (clone 4C1.3; ST1202; Millipore, Hayward, CA, USA), where GAPDH (ab22555; 1:1,000; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and LaminB1 (ab16048; 1:1,000; Abcam) were used to assess cytoplasmic and nuclear protein input levels, respectively.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Metabolic Regulators

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Western blot analysis was performed as previously described.39 The following antibodies were used for western blotting: anti–CPT1A (ab128568; Abcam), anti–PGC1α (ST‐1202; Millipore), anti–CEBPB (ab32358, Abcam) and β‐actin (A5441; Sigma‐Aldrich).
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5

Immunoprecipitation of PGC1α from Hepa 1-6 Cells

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Hepa 1-6 cells were infected with indicated adenoviruses or transiently transfected with indicated plasmids. At 48 hours following infection or transfection, cells were lysed with ice-cold RIPA buffer on a shaker at 4°C for 1 hour. The lysate was centrifuged at 14,000g for 15 minutes at 4°C to pellet debris and the supernatant was transferred into a fresh Eppendorf tube. After quantification by DC assay, 1 mg of protein for each group was incubated with anti-PGC1α (Millipore, catalog ST1202) overnight at 4°C with rotation. Five percent of the lysate was saved as input. Thirty microliters of protein G-agarose (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, catalog sc-2002) was washed with RIPA buffer 3 times and then added into protein lysate following rotation at 4°C for 3 hours. The beads were pelleted by quick spin and washed with RIPA buffer 3 times. After removing supernatant, 30 μL of sample buffer was added to elute the immunoprecipitated proteins followed by boiling at 98°C for 5 minutes. The immunoprecipitated protein was subjected to immunoblotting as described above.
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6

Immunohistochemistry and Immunoblotting Analysis

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For immunohistochemistry, animals were perfused with PBS followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were postfixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose. Coronal sections, including striatum and ventral middle brain, were incubated with rabbit polyclonal anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; catalog #NB300-109, Novus Biologicals; RRID: AB_350437). The image was visualized with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (Sigma-Aldrich) and analyzed by Stereo Investigator software. The sections were incubated with goat polyclonal anti-green fluorescent protein (GFP) (catalog #ab6673, Abcam; RRID: AB_305643), and secondary antibodies were coagulated with Alexa fluorescent for 1 h at room temperature. Brain cell lysates were immunoblotted with mouse mono anti-PGC-1α (catalog #ST1202, Millipore; RRID: AB_2237237), rabbit polyclonal anti- succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A (SDHA; catalog #5839S, Cell Signaling Technology; RRID:AB_10707493), mouse mono anti-Tomm20 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; catalog #WH0009804M1, Sigma-Aldrich; RRID:AB_1843992), monoclonal anti-β-actin-peroxidase (Sigma-Aldrich catalog #A3854; RRID:AB_262011).
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7

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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Total proteins from cultured cells were extracted with lysis buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl pH 7.4, 1% Triton X-100, 0.25% sodium deoxycholate, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) supplemented with inhibitors (2 μg/mL pepstatin, 1 μg/mL aprotinin, 1 μg/mL leupeptin, 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 1 mM sodium orthovanadate) and quantified using a BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific #PI123225). The blots were incubated according to the manufacturer's instructions with the following primary antibodies: PGC-1α (Calbiochem #ST1202, RRID:AB_2237237), PGC-1β (Millipore #ABC218, RRID:AB_2891214), and Actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology #sc-1616, RRID:AB_630836) and with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-mouse, KPL #KP-074–1806; anti-rabbit, KPL #KP-074–1506; anti-goat, Abcam #ab6881, RRID:AB_955236). The results were visualized using Clarity ECL (Bio-Rad #1705060).
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