Dulbecco s modified eagle medium deme

Oysters were obtained from Guangzhou Huangsha seafood market (Guangzhou, China). Alcalase 2.4L (P4860, ≥2.4 U/g) was obtained from Novozymes Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Copenhagen, Denmark). Zinc sulfate was purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Lead reagent and methylene blue were obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Xylenol orange was purchased from Shanghai Jinsui Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), penicillin, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DEME), and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Hangzhou Sijiqing Bioengineering Materials Co. Ltd., (Hangzhou, China). The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG₂) cell line was purchased from Southern Medical University. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cell cycle, and apoptosis assay kits were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). All reagents used were of an analytical grade.

White pepper was purchased from Hainan Xinghuida Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. (Hainan, China). Foetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DEME) were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies (Waltham, MA, USA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Nitric oxide (NO), 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-lthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Kits were purchased from Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ELISA kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay kit was obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology CO., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The TRIzol reagent, reverse transcription kit, 2 × SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix, β-actin, GAPDH, and antibodies against phospho-p38/p65/JNK/ERK were obtained from Wuhan Service Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China).

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 99.9%) was obtained from Hehui Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Rhodamine B (Rh-B) was obtained from Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China); Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) from Kuraray International Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD, substitution degree 4.96) from Qianhui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Zibo, China); Poly(lactic acid glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA, 50:50, M_w 10,000 Da) from JFK Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China); and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DEME) and Penicillin-Streptomycin were procured from Gibco Co., Ltd. (New York, NY, USA). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and anhydrous glucose were provided by Zhiyuan Chemistry Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). All the other chemicals and organic solvents were analytical reagents (ARs).