Snu478

Human SNU-245 and SNU-478 cell lines were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea) and authenticated prior to receipt. Early passage cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 media (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) containing 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 mM L-glutamine, and Antibiotic-Antimycotic (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Human BTC cell lines HuCCT1, HuH28, and WITT were a gift from Dr. Tushar Patel (Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL), and Mz-ChA-1 was a gift from Dr. Shannon Glaser (Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, TX).^{39 (link)} These cells were authenticated through ATCC cell line authentication service (Kit #135-XV). HuCCT1 and HuH28 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 media (Gibco) containing 10% FBS, 10 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotics. Mz-ChA-1 cells were cultured in CMRL1-media (Gibco) containing 10% FBS, 10 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotics.

CCA cell lines HuCCT1 and HuH28 were purchased from Japan Health Science Research Resources Bank, and CCA cell lines SNU-1196, SNU-1079, SNU-308, SNU-245, SNU-478 and SNU-869 were purchased from Korea Cell Line Bank. Human HEK293T was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). All cell lines were cultured with RPMI-1640 medium (Invitrogen, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, USA) and 1% PenStrep (100 U/mL Penicilium and 100 μg/mL Streptomycin) in a humid atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. Gemcitabine resistant cell lines HuCCT1-Gem and SNU-245-Gem were constructed by exposing to increasing dosages of Gemcitabine (Selleck Chemicals, USA) for 8 months, and then persistently cultured in medium containing 10 nmol/l Gemcitabine.