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4 protocols using glycocholic acid

1

Baicalin and Bile Acid Regulation

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Baicalin (>98%) was purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Meilunbio, Dalian, China). EE was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standards for BAs for cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), tauromuricholic acid (T-MCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycoursodesoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycohyocholic acid (GHDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurohyocholic acid (THDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), and interior label d4-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (d4-GCDCA) were obtained from Steraloids (Newport, RI, USA).
Antibodies directed against FXR, CAR, PXR, VDR, cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) were purchased from Absin Biochemical Company (Shanghai, China). Antibodies directed against Sirt1, HNF-1α, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and NF-κB were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). An antibody against BSEP was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). And an antibody against MRP2 was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Bile Acid Derivatives

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Deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenoDeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), α-muricholic acid, β-muricholic acid, glycoDeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycochenoDeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and glycocholic acid (GCA) were obtained from Steraloids, Inc. Bile acid structures are shown in fig. S1. Bile acid A (37 ), 5-cholanic acid-3α,4β,7α-triol (7)(38 (link)), and AMPP (39 (link)) were synthesized according to published procedures. N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), diethylamine, N,N-dimethylformamide, trisodium citrate, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chloroform, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, fetal calf serum, and penicillin G and streptomycin sulfate were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. HPLC solvents (methanol and acetonitrile) were HPLC grade and were purchased from EMD Chemicals. Milli-Q ultrapure water was prepared in-house with a Milli-Q Integral Water Purification System.
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Quantifying Bile Acid Profiles

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BA standards including cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co (Steinheim, Germany). α-muricholic acid (α-MCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), ω-muricholic acid (ω-MCA), tauro-cholic acid (T-CA), tauro-chenodeoxycholic acid (T-CDCA), tauro-deoxycholic acid (T-DCA), tauro-lithocholic acid (T-LCA), tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid (T-UDCA), tauro-α-muricholic acid (T-α-MCA), tauro- β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA), glyco-cholic acid (G-CA), glyco-chenodeoxycholic acid (G-CDCA), glyco-deoxycholic acid (G-DCA), glyco-lithocholic acid (G-LCA), glyco-ursodeoxycholic acid (G-UDCA) and deuterated internal standards (IS) lithocholic acid-2,2,4,4-D4 (LCA-D4), deoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-D4 (DCA-D4) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-D4 (GCDCA-D4) were obtained from Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI, USA). Methanol HPLC grade was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultra-pure reagent water was purified by a Milli-Q gradient system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Acetonitrile LC-MS grade was from VWR and formic acid LC-MS grade was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Co.
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4

Analytical Standards Procurement and Characterization

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Ephedrine hydrochloride was purchased by National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological products of China (Beijing, China). Sinapine thiocyanate, tetrahydropalmatine, baicalin and asarinin were purchased from Chengdu Chroma-Biotech Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). All compounds except Ephedrine hydrochloride had a purity of 98%; the purity of Ephedrine hydrochloride was 99%.
Glycocholic acid was purchased from Steraloids (Newport, RI, USA) while norepinephrine, epinephrine, alanine serine and valine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-graded acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA). Cholic acid D4 and formic acid were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratory Inc. (Cambridge, UK) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), respectively. Water was purified in-house using a Milli-Q Advantage A10 water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
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