Amyloid β peptide 1 40

TFA and Metformin were bought from Pusi Biotecnology (Chengdu, Sichuan, China, purity: ≥ 90.0%) and GBCBIO technology (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), respectively. Detection kits for AGEs, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT), amyloid β peptide 1–42, amyloid β peptide 1–40, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Kits for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were derived from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Primary-antibodies including postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), Synapsin I a/b, estrogen receptor β (ERβ), heat shock proteins 60 (HSP60), heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70), and caseinolytic protease (CLPP) were purchased from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA); phospho-AMPK, AMPK, CREB and phospho-CREB were from Cell Signaling (USA); advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (RAGE), Lon protease (LONP1) and β-actin were from Proteintech (Chicago, USA); PGC-1α was from Bioss (Beijing, China); ZO-1, Claudin 5, and Occludin were from Invitrogen (California, USA); GABA A Receptor beta 1 (GABAR β), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) were obtained from Affinity Biosciences (USA). Other materials and reagents were from commercial sources.