Mk571

α,β-dehydrolovastatin (DHLV) and its derivatives, lovastatin and α,β-dehydrodihydromonacolin K, were produced by the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178, which was deposited as BCC56851 at BIOTEC Culture collection, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand [23 (link)]. Mevastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin (Cat# M2537, P4498, and S6196) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM-F12; Cat#12400–024), fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cat#10270–106), trypsin-EDTA (Cat#25300–062), penicillin/streptomycin (Cat#15140–122) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Cholera toxin (CT; Cat#10654, Lot#10067A1) was obtained from List Biological Laboratories, Inc. (Campbell, CA, USA). Heat-stable toxin (STa; Product no.4044297, Lot#1000007536) was purchased from Bachem (Torrance, CA, USA). Dorsomophin or Compound C (AMPK inhibitor; Cat#P5499), CPT-cAMP (Cat#C3912), genistein (Cat#C6649), ATP (Cat#A5394), forskolin (Cat#F6886), Na₃VO₄ (Cat#S6508), CFTR_inh-172 (Cat#C2992), IBMX (phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor; Cat#I5879), Ouabain (Cat#O3125) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). MK571 (Cat# 70720) was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Michigan, USA). Other chemicals were purchased from Merck Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA).

LysoTracker Red DND99 and MitoTracker Red CMXRos were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Hoechst 33342 was obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Tariquidar was purchased from MedKoo Bioscience (Chapel Hill, NC, USA). KO143 was purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and MK571 was purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

The human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC6-KT) line was cultured in Keratinocyte Serum-Free Medium 1X (Gibco) according to the manufacturers directions and supplemented with P/S (VWR) at 1X^{70 (link)}. Human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3 (ATCC HTB-55) were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium Alpha Medium (Corning) and supplemented with Premium Grade FBS (VWR) at 10%, HEPES (Corning) at 1X, and P/S (VWR) at 1X. The following chemical reagents were dissolved in DMSO, cAMP elevating agents Forskolin (Cayman Chemical) and Isoproterenol (Cayman Chemical), ABCC4 inhibitors MK-571 (Cayman Chemical) and Ceefourin 1 (Abcam), PDE inhibitors Roflumilast (Cayman Chemical) and Rolipram (Cayman Chemical), and CFTR Inhibitor (Selleck Chemicals).