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4 protocols using chlorin e6 ce6

1

Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria Using Chlorin e6 and Pheophorbide a

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As antimicrobial agents Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and Pheophorbide a (Pheo) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) were selected. Their solutions were prepared in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) pH = 7.4 to obtain the maximum of the Soret band in the range 405–407 nm for luminescence measurements/microscopic observations and the strong Q-band with the maximum in the range 650–670 nm for photodynamic bacteria inactivation under laser light exposure. The photoactive materials were prepared from 20 µL of the 0.1% aq. ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate copolymer (AVC) (Clariant International LTD., Muttenz, Switzerland) and deposited onto glass-bottom micro-dishes (µ-Dish 35 mm low, Ibidi GmbH, Gräfelfing, Germany). Photosensitizer (PS) doped materials were prepared from AVC and photosensitizer’s solutions to obtain the 17 nmol of the PSs in each sample. The area occupied by each material was equal to 30 mm2.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Ce6 Nanoparticles

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Chlorin e6 (Ce6, MW = 596.68) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, iron (III) acetylacetonate, 1,2-hexadecanediol, benzyl ether, oleylamine, and anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Aldrich. Oleic acid was purchased from Chem-Impex International, Inc. Ethanol was purchased from Decon Labs, Inc. All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. All the buffer solutions were prepared with deionized water.
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3

Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles

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All the reagents including 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), oleic acid (OA, 90%), ethanol (EtOH) and methanol (MeOH), dimethylformamide (DMF), chloroform, milli-Q water, tetrahydrofuran (THF), yttrium(III) chloride anhydrous (YCl3, 99.9%), ytterbium(III) chloride anhydrous (YbCl3, 99.9%), erbium(III) chloride anhydrous (ErCl3, 99.9%), ammonium fluoride (NH4F, 96%), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 96%), Sodium trifluoroacetate (Na-TFA, 98%), neodymium(III) chloride (NdCl3 99.9%), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (s-NHS), Rose Bengal (RB), 6-bromohexanoic acid (Br-HA), poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride), dodecylamine (DDA), dibenzocyclooctine-amine (DBCO-NH2), 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF, 97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. 3-azido-propylamine (NH2-N3) was purchased from Fluorochem Ltd.
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4

Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Assays

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Collagen (type IV, 0.5-2 mg/ml), RPMI-1640, nerve growth factor (NGF, Vipera lebetina venom), trypsin-EDTA, L-glutamine, 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Phosphate buffered saline tablets (PBS), and 2′,7′-dichloro uorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Gentamicin and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Dublin, Ireland). Donor horse serum (DHS) was purchased from Capricorn (Ebsdorfergrund, Germany). Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) solution was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from Santa Cruz (Texas, USA). Griess reagent kit was purchased from Biotium (Fremont, CA, USA), JC1-Mitochondrial Membrane Potential assay kit was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
Blood/Cell Total RNA Mini Kit was purchased from Geneaid (Sijhih City, Taiwan). M-MuLV First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit was purchased from Biomatik (Ontario, Canada).
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