Sodium acetate

The WFD samples used in this study were obtained from a foundry in Incheon, South Korea. CR (C₃₂H₂₂N₆Na₂O₆S₂) was purchased from Samchun Chemicals. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30%), hydrochloric acid (35%), sodium hydroxide (98%), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and sodium acetate were purchased from Duksan Pure Chemicals. 1,10-Phenantroline and hydroxylamine hydrochloride were obtained from Daejung Chemicals. Disodium telephthalate (TA, > 99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (USA). 2-Hydroxyterephthalate (TPOH 97%) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. The deionized water used in this experiment was purified using an EXL5 system (Vivagen Co. Ltd., Korea).

Powdered kamut sprout product, used as a raw material, was purchased from Jusung Co. Ltd., Korea. The yeast malt (YM, Lot. 8282839) and Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS, Lot. 2298709) media that was used for the fermentation were obtained from DIFCO. Food-grade ethanol was used for extraction. The reagents for the β-glucan analysis were obtained by purchasing a β-glucan assay kit (K-YBGL) from Megazyme. Potassium hydroxide and sodium acetate were purchased from DUKSAN, Korea. Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (FCR) and gallic acid for the total polyphenol analysis were acquired from Merck, Korea. Sodium carbonate was obtained from Daejung chemicals, Korea. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and L-ascorbic acid for anti-oxidant efficacy testing were purchased from Merck, Korea. FBS, RPMI-1640 media, as well as Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Welgene, Korea, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dexamethasone (DEX), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Merck, Korea. All of the reagents utilized in this research were of extra-pure (analytical) grade.