Patulin

Patulin (PAT; ≥97%) was purchased from Romer Labs Diagnostic GmbH (Tulln, Austria). Bisphenol A (BPA; ≥99%; Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., North York, Ontario, Canada) was provided by Dr. Noorfatimah Binti Yahaya (Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Penang, Malaysia). Ochratoxin A (OTA; ≥98%), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF; ≥99%), formic acid, Carrez I, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (~99%), and Carrez II, zinc acetate dihydrate (≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC grade acetonitrile (ACN) and ethyl acetate (EA) were purchased from Elite Advanced Materials Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor, Malaysia). Methanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Chloroform was supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water (resistivity: 18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹) was produced using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and was used throughout the study. A nylon membrane filter (0.45 µm) was purchased from LabServ Sdn Bhd (Selangor, Malaysia). Sodium hydroxide pellets were obtained from Bendosen Laboratory Chemicals (Bendosen, Norway).

Mycotoxin standard solutions of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, fumonisin B1 and B2, A and B trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin), zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and patulin were obtained from Romer Labs (Tulln, Austria). All the solvents applied for both the extraction and analysis steps, methanol, acetonitrile formic acid and acetic acid, were HPLC-grade and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy), while Bi-distilled water was produced in-house by using a Milli-Q System (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Salts used for extraction as for the preparation of the eluents as sodium chloride and ammonium acetate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).