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72 protocols using cpd 030

1

Biofilm Adhesion Assay with S. aureus Isolates

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Bacterial growth was observed on Petri dishes containing glass cover slips for biofilm adhesion. The isolates N–354, N–365, and N–341 were cultivated in TSA with 0.24% glucose overnight, adjusted to the 0.5 McFarland scale, and diluted 1:10 in TSA with 0.24% of glucose. The aliquots (2 mL each) were placed in each Petri dish containing three glass coverslips and were statically incubated at 35 °C for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. After incubation, the Petri dish was washed three times with saline (0.85% NaCl) to remove all planktonic cells. The adherent cells were fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde for 5 h. After fixation, the plate was washed three times with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer. For SEM, S. aureus cells were fixed for 30 min at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) and post-fixed for 30 min at room temperature with 1% OsO4 solution containing 2.5 mM CaCl2 in the same buffer. The cells were dehydrated in an ascending acetone series and dried using the critical point method with CO2 (CPD 030, Balzers, Switzerland). Subsequently, the samples were mounted on aluminum stubs, coated with a 20-nm gold layer, and examined under a scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM6390LV) at the Rudolf Barth Electron Microscopy Platform of Institute Oswaldo Cruz.
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2

Electron Microscopy Specimen Preparation

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The samples of 10 fresh specimens (6 male and 4 female) were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorensen phosphate buffer 0.1 M. After several rinsing in the same phosphate buffer, they were dehydrated in a graded alcohols series (50°, 70°, 80°, 95° and 100°, 1 hr for each step), critical point dried in a Balzers CPD 030 and then sputter‐coated with 3 nm gold in a Balzers BAL‐TEC SCD 050. Processed samples were examined under a Zeiss EVO LS 10 operating with an accelerating voltage of 20 kv (Modina et al., 2007 (link)).
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3

SEM Analysis of Barnacle Mouthparts

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From the three barnacle species, A. squalicola, B. balanus, and L. anatifera, the oral cones of one specimen of each, and the mandibles of seven A. squalicola and six of each of the conventional barnacles were dissected out under a dissection microscope. They were dehydrated in an ethanol series and critical point dried in CO2 using a Balzers CPD 030. The dried oral cones and mandibles were mounted on SEM stubs with conducting carbon tape and sputter coated with gold/palladium using a BIO-RAD E5400 SEM coating system. Observations and photographs were made with a FEI Quanta FEG 450 scanning electron microscope operated at 10 kV. Adobe Photoshop CS5 was used to assemble the figures.
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4

SEM Analysis of Cell Morphology

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To visualize possible changes in cell shape and surface after treatments, cells were treated and analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A total of 5 × 105 cells were seeded on 18x18mm coverslips placed at the bottom of the 6-well plate. After adhesion, the cells received the treatment for 72 h with SLN-DTX at concentrations of 1 µg/mL or did not. Then, the culture medium was discarded and the cells were washed twice with 1X PSB and then fixed with Karnovsky fixative solution (containing 2% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde, and 3% sucrose in sodium cacodylate buffer 0.1 M pH 7.2), overnight. The following day, cells were washed with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2. Coverslips were incubated in vapor of sodium tetroxide 2% osmium for 30 min and then washed with distilled water. Dehydration was carried out in increasing series with acetone (50–100%) and, finally, drying to a critical point using CPD 030 (BALZERS, Geneva, IL, USA) and SCD 500 metalization (LEICA, Wetzlar, Hesse, Germany), to be analyzed in a JSM 7001F scanning electron microscope (15 kV) (Jeol—Tokyo, Japan).
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5

Adipose Tissue Ultrastructural Analysis

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Samples of adipose tissue were fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 4 h, post fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer for 1 h, dehydrated in gradient ethanol, critical point dried (CPD 030, Balzers, Vaduz, Liechtenstein), fixed to stubs with colloidal silver, sputtered with gold by a MED 010 coater (Balzers), and examined with a FEI XL30 scanning electron microscope (FEI).
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6

Biofilm Visualization on Polymer Surfaces

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Pre-formed biofilms on untreated and composites TPU and PDMS discs were fixed with a solution of PBS containing glutaraldehyde at 2.5% (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and paraformaldehyde at 4% (Thermo Fisher Scientific). After 1 h of incubation at room temperature, samples were dehydrated with a graded series of ethanol washes, followed by immersion in hexamethyldisilizane. After this, samples were dried with CO2 in a critical point dryer (Balzers CPD 030, Schalksmühle, Germany). The specimens were coated with gold/palladium and visualized in a scanning electron microscope (JSM-6400, JEOL JSM 6400; Jeol, Tohyo, Japan).
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7

Visualizing PU-fibrin Scaffold Structure

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SEM was used to visualize the surface of the PU-fibrin scaffold, the surface of the whole construct, and the surface after dividing the constructs into halves after the cell seeding procedure. Specimens were prepared as described previously [32 (link)]. Briefly, seeded PU foams were stored in a 6.25% glutaraldehyde phosphate-buffered solution. After washing procedures using Soerensen phosphate buffer (50 mM, ph7.4), dehydration in an increasing acetone series followed. The specimens were critical point dried (CPD 030; Balzers, Liechtenstein), sputtered with gold-palladium (SCD 005; Balzers), and stored in the dehydrator until examination with the scanning electron microscope (Zeiss DSM 962, Oberkochen, Germany). The analysis was performed at the Division of Electron Microscopy, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, University of Wuerzburg (Prof. Dr. G. Krohne).
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8

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Laminin-111

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Samples of native or modified laminin-111 were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Following 3 rinses in 0.15 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) specimens were post fixed in 1% OsO4 in 0.12 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) for 2 h. Following a rinse in distilled water, the specimens were dehydrated to 100% ethanol and critical point dried (Balzers CPD 030, Halmstad, Sweden) using CO2. The specimens were subsequently mounted on stubs using double adhesive carbon tape as an adhesive and sputter-coated with 6 nm gold (Leica ACE 200, Søborg, Denmark). Specimens were examined with a FEI Quanta 3D scanning electron microscope (Thermo Fisher) operated at an accelerating voltage of 2 kV.
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9

Immunostained Colon Analyzed by SEM

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Sections of colonic mucosa, previously immunostained for GLUT5 antibody, were reused for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. After removal of the coverslip, the samples were brought to absolute alcohol, processed by critical point drying (CPD 030, Balzers, Vaduz, Liechtenstein), mounted on stubs with colloidal silver, sputtered with gold by means of an MED 010 coater (Balzers), and examined under an FEI XL30 scanning electron-microscope (FEI Company, Eindhoven, NL).
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10

Analyzing 4T1 Cell Morphology via SEM

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The morphology and confluence of 4T1 cells were analyzed using a phase contrast microscope (Zeiss, Germany) and the AxioVision® software (Zeiss, Germany).
Twenty-four hours after treatment (10 µg/mL), 4T1 cells were fixed using Karnovsky overnight. Samples were washed with cacodylate buffer (0,1 M), post-fixed with osmium tetroxide and dehydrated using graded acetone (30–100%). Then, they were critical-point-dried (Balzers, CPD 030, Germany) from liquid CO2 and gold-sputtered. The cell morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy.
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