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111 protocols using vevo 2100 high resolution imaging system

1

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function in Mice Post-MI

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Four weeks after MI, mice were anesthetized, and the prethoracic fur was removed using NairTM depilatory cream (Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA). Ultrasound imaging measurements were acquired using a Vevo®2100 High-Resolution Imaging system (Visual Sonics, Toronto, ON, Canada). Mice were positioned on a MicePad (part of the VisualSonics Vevo Integrated Rail System II) equipped with an integrated heater. Body temperature was maintained at 37°C. Pre-warmed Aquasonic Clear®Ultrasound Gel (Parker Laboratories, Inc., Fairfield, NJ, USA) was used as a coupling agent between the ultrasound scan-head and skin. Left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSd), left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd) and LV internal diameter (LVID) were measured in at least three consecutive cardiac cycles. Ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were calculated using Vevo®2100 High-Resolution Imaging system (Visual Sonics).
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2

Murine Echocardiography Procedure

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Echocardiography was performed in 4 month-old mice by an investigator blinded to group assignment using the Vevo 2100 High Resolution Imaging System (VisualSonics Inc.), as previously described (Haskell et al., 2013 (link)). Isoflurane-induced anesthesia was titrated to minimize movement yet maintain heart rate between 450 and 600 beats per minute. Temperature was monitored using a rectal thermometer and maintained between 35 and 36°C. Parasternal long axis, parasternal short axis, and apical four chamber views were obtained in all animals. M-mode recordings were obtained in the parasternal short axis view at the level of the left ventricular papillary muscles. Measurements of interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal dimension and left ventricular posterior wall thickness were made in diastole and systole. Left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic and systolic volumes, and left ventricular mass were calculated from the above measurements in accordance with American Society for Echocardiography Guidelines and the validated formulas of Teicholz and colleagues (Kronik et al., 1979 (link); Lang et al., 2005 (link)).
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3

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Cardiac Function

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In vivo, cardiac function was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) using a Vevo 2100 high-resolution imaging system (VisualSonics), with 22–55 hMHz transducer at a frame rate of 233 Hz [11 (link)], under light anesthesia [16 (link), 17 (link)].
Diastolic- (LVIDd) and systolic-LV diameters (LVIDs) were measured using the M-mode. Fractional shortening (FS = [(LVIDd − LVIDs)/LVIDd] × 100) and ejection fraction (EF = [(EDvol − ESvol)/EDvol] × 100) were calculated.
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Echocardiographic Measurement of Murine Left Atrial Diameter

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The mice were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane (Sigma-Aldrich). An echocardiographic measurement of the left atrial diameter of the mice was performed using a Vevo 2100 High-Resolution Imaging System (Visual Sonics, Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), as reported previously (15 (link)).
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5

Pulmonary Artery Banding Surgical Protocol

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PAB was induced by surgical placement of a 1.3 mm pulmonary arterial (PA) band. Median sternotomy was performed, and the PA was dissected free from the aorta and left atrium. A silk suture was placed around the PA, and a loose knot was formed. A 16-gauge needle was inserted through the knot, parallel to the PA. The suture was tied tightly, and the needle was withdrawn, creating a stenosis equal to the needle’s diameter (1.6 mm) [21 (link)]. Doppler echocardiography was performed and analyzed using a Vevo 2100 high-resolution imaging system with a 21-MHz transducer (VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) 4 weeks after PAB injection and before invasive pressure assessments [22 (link)]. Light anesthesia with 10% chloral hydrate was used to obtain two-dimensional M-mode Doppler imaging in both the long-axis (four-chamber) and short-axis views. The RV internal dimension at end diastole (RVIDd), RV anterior wall thickness (RVAWT), RV diastolic area (RVDA), RV fractional area change (RVFAC), left ventricular internal dimension at end diastole (LVIDd), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) were measured.
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6

Echocardiography and Hemodynamics in Rats Post-MI

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Echocardiography was performed on rats after MIR. An echocardiogram was performed using the ultrasound system Vevo2100 high-resolution imaging system (VisualSonics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and a 10 MHz imaging linear scanning probe transducer. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and fraction shortening (FS) were calculated by M-mode recording method.
Hemodynamic parameters were recorded through a heparin-filled pressure sensor (from the right carotid artery to the left ventricle) docked with the BL-420N biological function experiment system (Tai Meng technology, Chengdu, China). Hemodynamic parameters include left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and maximum rate of increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure (+dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax).
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7

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Cardiac Function in Mice

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For the evaluation of cardiac function, the mice were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane, and echocardiography was performed using a Vevo 2100 High Resolution Imaging System (VisualSonics, Inc.). Cardiac contractile function was examined by echocardiography in conscious, gently restrained mice using a Vevo 2100 system (MS400C probe). The main measured indicators included ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). Other echocardiographic parameters included left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVEDs), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV). FS was calculated as follows: FS (%)=[(LVEDd-LVEDs)/LVEDd] × 100; EF was calculated as follows: EF (%)=[(LVEDV-LVESV)/LVEDV] × 100, where LVEDV=7 × LVEDd3/(2.4 + LVEDd) and LVESV= 7 × LVEDs3/(2.4 + LVEDs).
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8

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Cardiac Function

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All mice underwent echocardiography using the Vevo2100 High-Resolution Imaging System (Visual Sonics, Canada). Mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane supplemented with oxygen. M-mode images were obtained to determine LV dimensions, including left ventricular internal dimension in diastole (LVID: d) and systole (LVID: s). The evaluation criteria of cardiac function were based on left ventricular ejection fraction (EF%) and fractional shortening (FS%) based on the following formulas: LVEF (%) = (LV Vol: d - LV Vol: s)/LV Vol: d × 100%. LVFS (%) = (LVID: d - LVID: s)/LVID: d × 100%.
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9

Cardiac Function Assessment in Mice

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Mice were lightly anaesthetized using 1-1.5% isoflurane in oxygen and placed on a heated platform to maintain body temperature. Cardiac function and morphology were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography using a Vevo 2100 High-Resolution Imaging System with a 40 MHz MS 550D transducer (VisualSonics). Parasternal long-axis projection was used for orientation and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic internal diameters were determined by two-dimensional M-mode images of a short-axis view at the proximal level of the papillary muscles. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening were calculated using VisualSonics Cardiac Measurements software included in the Vevo 2100 system following manual delineation of endocardial and epicardial borders in the parasternal short-axis cine loop.
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10

Quantifying Aortic Diameter Progression

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Ultrasound was performed using a 55-MHz probe with a Vevo 2100 high-resolution imaging system (VisualSonics, Inc.) to quantify suprarenal aortic lumen diameters [15 (link)]. Mice were anesthetized (2–3 % isoflurane), and abdominal hair was removed by shaving and applying a hair depilatory cream (Nair, Inc.). Ultrasound was used to quantify aortic lumen diameters once/week during months 2 and 3 of AngII infusions by two independent observers blinded to the experimental design. To quantify AAA maximal external diameters at study endpoint, aortas were removed, placed in fixative (10 % formalin), cleaned of extraneous tissue, and mounted on a black wax background. Images were taken with a Nikon SMZ800 dissecting microscope with camera, and a ruler was included in the frame. Image analysis was performed using Nikon Elements Version 3.2.
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