The wolfberry pollen was collected from the Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (Yinchuan, Ningxia, China). Cellulose DEAE-52, Sephadex G-100 columns and monosaccharide standards (mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and trehalose) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from TEDIA Co., Inc. (Fairfield, IA, USA). 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) high-glucose DMEM medium and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin double antibody and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from KeyGEN BioTech Co., Ltd. Nanjing, China). In situ cell death detection kit and POD were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN, USA) and DAPI was obtained from ZSGB-BIO Biological Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Annexin V-FITC cell apoptosis detection kit was purchased from Best Bio Biological Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Monosaccharide standard
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, China
Monosaccharide standards are reference materials used to identify and quantify monosaccharides in various samples. These standards provide known concentrations of individual monosaccharides, which can be used to calibrate analytical instruments and verify the accuracy of monosaccharide measurements.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Arabinose, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
Galactose, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
Xylose, by Merck Group (17 mentions)
Mannose, by Merck Group (14 mentions)
Rhamnose, by Merck Group (14 mentions)
Fucose, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Glucuronic acid, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (10 mentions)
Trifluoroacetic acid tfa, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Galacturonic acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Lipopolysaccharide lps, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
D glucose, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ribose, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Fructose, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
D galactose, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
L rhamnose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dextran standard, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
L fucose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
D xylose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
83 protocols using monosaccharide standard
1
Wolfberry Pollen Polysaccharide Extraction
2
Extraction and Analysis of Wolfberry Phytochemicals
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The dried fruits of L. barbarum were provided by the National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center of Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (Yinchuan, China). 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one (PMP), monosaccharide standards, and streptozotocin (STZ) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Standards of SCFAs were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). A commercial company supplied the mouse feeds (Trophic Animal Feed High-Tech Co., Ltd., Nantong, China). All the other chemicals and solvents used in this study were analytical grade and obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
3
Inonotus obliquus Bioactive Compounds Extraction
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The fruiting bodies of Inonotus obliquus were purchased from Greater Khingan Range, ground in a tight disintegrator (Micron Co. Ltd., Beijing, China), passed through a rough 40-mesh screen and stored at 4 °C during experiments. DEAE-52 column chromatography was purchased from the Pharmacia Chemical Co. (Trenton, NJ, USA) and Sephadex G-100 was purchased from Waters Chemical Co. (Milford, MA, USA). Monosaccharide standards, insulin, α-Glucosidase, p-nitrophenyl-α-d -glucopyranoside (pNPG) and STZ were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Foetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), penicillin, streptomycin and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). A glucose test kit was purchased from Shanghai Rongsheng Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.
4
Isolation and Characterization of Dextran from Agaricus bisporus
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Fruiting bodies of A. bisporus (Yingxiu 1#) were collected from Zhejiang Agriculture Research Institute in Zhejiang province, China. T-series dextrans were purchased from Wuhan Putus Macromolecular Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd., (Wuhan, China). Monosaccharide standards (d -galactose, d -arabinose, l -fucose, l -rhamnose, d -manonose, d -xylose, d -glucose and erythrose), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemical reagents were of grade AR from Shanghai Chemical Co. (Shanghai, China). DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Uppsala, Sweden). TSKgel G4000PWXL column was purchased from Shanghai Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultrahydrogel TM 120 and 1000 (78 × 300 mm) columns were purchased from Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA. HPLC was carried out on a waters 1525 HPLC system (1525 HPLC pump, 2414 refractive index detector; Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA).
5
Extraction and Characterization of Urtica macrorrhiza
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Urtica macrorrhiza was collected in January 2013 from Binchuan (Yunnan, China). It was identified and authenticated by Professor Xiwen Li (Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China).
Monosaccharide standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated hamster anti-mouse cluster of differentiation (CD)-3e (cat. no. 553062) and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD19 (cat. no. 557399) were purchased from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 antibody (cat. no. ab13556) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Anti-mouse secondary antibody and 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) were purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (cat. no. ZLI-9018; OriGene Technologies, Inc., Beijing, China). Mouse interleukin (IL)-4 (cat. no. EMC003), mouse interferon (IFN)-γ (cat. no. EMC101G) ELISA kits were purchased from NeoBioscience (Beijing, China) and the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA; cat. no. 027991) ELISA kit was purchased from US Biological (Salem, MA, USA). CY was purchased from Shengdi Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). RPMI-1640 medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). All other chemical reagents used were of analytical grade.
Monosaccharide standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated hamster anti-mouse cluster of differentiation (CD)-3e (cat. no. 553062) and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD19 (cat. no. 557399) were purchased from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 antibody (cat. no. ab13556) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Anti-mouse secondary antibody and 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) were purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (cat. no. ZLI-9018; OriGene Technologies, Inc., Beijing, China). Mouse interleukin (IL)-4 (cat. no. EMC003), mouse interferon (IFN)-γ (cat. no. EMC101G) ELISA kits were purchased from NeoBioscience (Beijing, China) and the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA; cat. no. 027991) ELISA kit was purchased from US Biological (Salem, MA, USA). CY was purchased from Shengdi Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). RPMI-1640 medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). All other chemical reagents used were of analytical grade.
6
Immunomodulatory Effects of Polysaccharides
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DEAE-cellulose (DE-52), Sephadex G-100, dextran standards (1, 12, 50, 80, 270, 670 and 1100 kDa) and monosaccharide standards were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). CTX was acquired from Shanxi Powerdone Pharmaceutics Co., Ltd. (Datong, China). Lentinan (GuoYaoZhunZi Z20080579) was supplied by Hubei Chuangli Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Zaoyang, China). RPMI-1640 medium was acquired from Gibco (Grand Island, NE, USA). Giemsa stain was supplied by Shanghai Yeasen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). TNF-α, IL-1β, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) kits were acquired from R&D system (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Catalase (CAT), glutathioneperoxidase (GSH-Px), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl group (PCG) kits were supplied by Jiancheng Bio-engineering Institute (Nanjing, China).
7
Macrophage Phagocytosis Assay Protocol
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N-1-napthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride and sulfanilamide were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Dimethyl sulfoxide, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide], Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium, E-TOXATE™ kit, monosaccharide standards (arabinose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose, galactose and mannose) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 055:B5 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol, petroleum ether, and D-(+)-glucose were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Fetal bovine serum, penicillin/streptomycin, and amphotericin B were from PAA Laboratories (Cölbe, Germany). The Phagocytosis Assay Kit IgG fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and the iNOS polyclonal antibody were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The TNF-α mouse ELISA kit and the IL-6 mouse ELISA kit were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Diethylaminoethyl cellulose pre-swollen ion exchanger was purchased from Whatman (Maidstone, England). A 2-D protein extraction buffer was purchased from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ, USA). β-actin polyclonal antibodies were purchased from BioVision Research Instrument (Milpitas, CA, USA). Donkey anti-rabbit IgG was obtained from Abnova (Taipei City, Taiwan).
8
Structural Analysis of Durvillaea antarctica
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Dry brown algae (Durvillaea antarctica) was provided by Gather Great Ocean Algae industry group CO., LTD (Qingdao, China). The raw material was milled into a powder and stored in a dry environment at room temperature. Q Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300/HR were purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Piscataway, NJ, USA). Pullulan standards for HPGPC analysis were purchased from Showa Denko K.K. (Tokyo, Japan). Monosaccharide standards for sugar composition analysis were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Pyromellitic acid (PMA), sodium fluoride (NaF), methyl iodide (CH3I), NaH, and KBr were also obtained from Sigma. Other materials, such as 732 cation-exchange resin, pyridine, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), were from Signopharm Chemical Reagent CO., LTD (Shanghai, China).
9
Purification and Characterization of Mucor Polysaccharide
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The China Center of Industrial Culture Collection provided the Mucor sp. strain (CICC 3039) used in this study. Cellulose DE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography resins were obtained from Beijing Solibao Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Dextran standards (668, 410, 273, 148, 81, 49, 24, 12, and 5 kDa) and monosaccharide standards (fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, ribose, galacturonic acid, guluronic acid, glucuronic acid, and mannuronic acid) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). DMEM medium, RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO GRL (USA). Hoechst 33,258, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), and annexin V–FITC apoptosis kits were supplied by the Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). Chromatographic-grade reagents were used in high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
10
Antioxidant Assay of Chinese Medicinal Herbs
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The fruits of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, fruits of Lycium barbarum L., lotus leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., seeds of Cassia tora Linn. (Semen cassiae), fruits of Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn., and Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn) were obtained from Bozhou Shenghao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Anhui, China). Samples were gently processed for storage at 4°C. The dextran standards were purchased from Pharmacia Co. (New York, USA). Sephadex G-75 was gained from GE Healthcare Life Science (Piscataway, NJ, USA). The monosaccharide standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA). The assay kits of SOD, CAT, MDA, and GSH-Px were acquired from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Other chemicals or reagents were of analytical grade.
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