Aerosil 200

For this study, the gel molar composition was set to 4.3 Na₂O: 1 Al₂O₃: 30 SiO₂: 485 H₂O. The gel was obtained in a similar process as found in IZA Verified Zeolite Syntheses [15 ], as follows. An alkaline solution was prepared using NaOH (≥98%, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and NaAlO₂ (56% Al₂O₃, 45% Na₂O, Riedel de-Häen, Seelze, Germany), which were added to double-deionized water; then, the resulting solution was diluted to the appropriate water concentration. Subsequently, a fumed silica source (Degussa, Munich, Germany, Aerosil^® 200) was added to the solution, and the mixture was mechanically stirred for 25 min. The resulting gel was transferred to a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and subjected to hydrothermal treatment under different conditions (time and temperature).

To monitor the adhesion of bacteria, we used silicon wafers carrying an oxide (silica) layer of about 70 nm (produced by Wafernet, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) as the solid substrate, while for the zeta potential measurements, silica particles (Aerosil 200, Degussa, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) were used as the solid substrate.

The Ir@MWW-subnano sample was prepared via a one-pot synthesis strategy, which allows the incorporation of subnanometric Ir species in MWW zeolite crystallites. In a typical procedure, 0.237 g of NaCl was dissolved in a mixture of 6.64 g of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantanamonium hydroxide solution (0.8 mol/L) and 5.0 g distilled water. Then, 0.700 g of hexamethyleneimine, 1.0 g of IrCl₃∙xH₂O (supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, product code: 206245-1 G) solution prepared by 50 mg of IrCl₃∙xH₂O and 5 g of H₂O, 150 μL of ethylenediamine was added to this solution. The above solution was kept stirring at room temperature for 2 h. Then, 1.22 g of fumed silica (Aerosil 200, Degussa) was added under continuous stirring. After 3 h, the resultant suspension was transferred to a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave and then heated at 150 °C for 120 h under agitation conditions (60 rpm). After the hydrothermal process, the solid product was isolated by filtration and washed with distilled water and acetone and then dried at 60 ^oC. Then the solid sample was calcined in flow air at 560 °C with a ramp rate of 2 °C/min and then kept at 560 °C for 8 h. After calcination in air, the solid material was reduced by H₂ at 650 °C, resulting in the formation of Ir@MWW-subnano material comprising subnanometric Ir speices.

Chlorzaxazone (Orchid Chemicals Ltd., Chennai, India), Kollidon^®SR (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), chitosan (practical grade, BASF, Germania), Avicel^®PH (Chemtrec, Falls Church, VA, USA), Aerosil^®200 (Degussa, Frankfurt, Germania), and magnesium stearate (Union Derivan S.A., Barcelona, Spain).
In this study, a CHT with a degree of deacetylation from 51% to 65% has been used because only such kind increases the absorption of active substances hydrophores with high molecular weight [17 ,18 (link)]. It can be considered as a chitin/chitosan copolymer with formulae given in Figure 3.
Other materials used wrre: Avicel^® PH (AV): microcrystalline cellulose. Aerosil^® (A): hydrophilic fumed silica with a specific surface area of 200 m² g⁻¹ and magnesium stearate (ST) was also used. All used compounds accomplish the quality requirements according to the laws of force. These excipients facilitate the application of the direct compression method to obtain optimal hydrophobic substances (CLZ) dispersibility in the powdered mixtures and the association of hydrophilic chitosan.

SiO₂ powder (Aerosil 200; Degussa, Germany), ZrO₂ (Merck Schuchardt OHG, Hohenbrunn, Germany) and graphene oxide (GO) were used as starting materials. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared from natural graphite using a modified Hummers’ method [30 (link)]. GO/SiO₂ were prepared by mixing GO and SiO₂, followed by sonication for 45 min and drying at 50 °C in an oven, as described in previous research [31 (link)].
GO/ZrO₂ was synthetized by mixing two suspensions: GO (7.5 mg) dispersed in double distilled water (10 mL) and ZrO₂ (100 mg) dispersed in NaOH (15 mL, pH 9.5). Powders were separately dispersed in an aqueous system for 15 min by ultrasound waves. The GO/ZrO₂ suspensions were mixing using ultrasound waves for another 45 min. Then, the resultant mixtures were dried at 50 °C in an oven. The obtained powder was ground in a mill to produce uniform granulation.

Carboxyl PS (CPS) latex beads (20 and 200 nm; Invitrogen, Vienna, Austria), plain PS particles (PPS) (20 nm and 200 nm; ThermoScientific, Braunschweig, Germany), amine PS particles (AMI) 20 nm (Merck Chemicals and Life SCiences, Vienna, Austria) and 200 nm (Invitrogen), and amidine PS particles (APS) (20 nm and 200 nm, Invitrogen) were used. Aerosil®200 (Aero200; 12 nm) and Aerosil®OX50 (OX50; 40 nm) were obtained from Degussa, Frankfurt, Germany.
The human endothelial cell line EAhy926 (kind gift from Dr. C. J. Edgell) was cultured in Dulbecco minimal Eagle’s medium (DMEM), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y (American Tissue and Cell Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA), used for the detection of intracellular [Ca²⁺] changes, were cultured in 90% DMEM/Ham’s F12, 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. All cells were cultured at 37 °C in a humid 95% air/5% CO₂ atmosphere.