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80 protocols using jem 2011

1

Electrochemical Characterization of ITO Electrodes

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EXAMPLE 3

Instrumentation

The pH values of the buffer solutions were recorded using a dual channel pH meter (XL60, Fisher Scientific). All electrochemical measurements were performed using a CHI (760E) electrochemical workstation (CH Instruments, Austin, Tex.). Bare ITO and modified ITO were used as the working electrodes, Ag/AgCl was used as the reference electrode, and a platinum wire was used as the counter electrode. All electrochemical experiments were carried out at RT without deaeration. Images were obtained by using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, TESCAN LYRA 3, Czech Republic), and by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL, JEM 2011) operated at 200 kV and equipped with a 4 k×4 k CCD camera (Ultra Scan 400SP, Gatan).

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2

Surface Morphology Analysis of Activated Carbon

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Example 5

Surface Morphology:

The morphologies of the prepared carbon materials were evaluated by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Tescan Lyra 3, Czech Republic) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL, JEM 2011). The nitrogen-doped carbon prepared with or without activating agent was studied using SEM and TEM to ascertain the surface morphology of the prepared samples. FIGS. 5A, 5C, and 5E show SEM images of WANC, ZnNC, and NaNC SEM respectively, and FIGS. 5B, 5D, and 5F show TEM images of WANC, ZnNC, and NaNC, respectively. The figures mentioned above show the porosity improvement of surface by using an activating agent. FIGS. 5A and 5B demonstrate the bulk nature of WANC, which in turn explains the low surface area of carbon material. Using ZnCl2 as an activation agent increases the carbon surface topography, as shown in FIGS. 5C and 5D by the appearance of some small-sized pores. However, the use of NaHCO3 increases both the size and number of pores on the surface of NaNC carbon significantly, as shown in FIGS. 5E and 5F, and thereby increasing the specific surface area. That is consistent with the BET results discussed above. NaNC is composed of carbon nanosheets with numerous macropores, which correlates with the BET data discussed above.

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3

Nanoparticle Characterization through Spectroscopy

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The morphology and hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (JEM-2011, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and dynamic light scattering (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK), respectively. The concentration of Fe in the dispersion was analyzed through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA-7000, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan).
The absorbance of all the materials, deionized water, MNP solution, monomers, and photoinitiators, which comprise the dispersed phase, were characterized using the UV absorbance mode of a SpectraMax id5 multimode microplate reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). The entire process was performed on a clear 96-well plate (Corning, Costar, Corning, NY, USA) at 25 °C. Measurements were taken at intervals of 1 nm from UV wavelengths of 300 and 500 nm.
Spectrophotometric measurements in assays were taken using a microplate reader (Spark, Tecan, Meilen, Zurich, Switzerland) and a UV–VIS spectrophotometer (S-3100, Scinco, Seoul, Korea).
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4

Characterization of Mg(OH)2 Nanoparticles

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The Mg(OH)2NPs size distribution and the zeta potential were characterised by a Zetasizer Nano ZL instrument (Malvern, UK). A digital sonicator (Branson LTD) was utilized for dispersing the Mg(OH)2NPs samples at 40% amplitude for 15 min at 2.0 s ON/2.0 s OFF pulse time. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Mg(OH)2NPs was done using a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC instrument under N2 atmosphere. The crystallite size of Mg(OH)2NPs at various temperatures was studied by X-ray diffraction (Siemens D5000 X-Ray Diffractometer at 0.15418 nm wavelength). A JEM 2011 (JEOL, Japan) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) machine was used to characterise the particle size and the morphology of Mg(OH)2NPs on the microbial cells surface. The JEOL JSM-6480 LV SEM instrument was utilized for characterising the morphology of Mg(OH)2NPs with bacterial.
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5

Characterization of Printed Galinstan Patterns

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Optical microscope observations were performed using Leica DM6000 Optical microscope. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) observations were performed using a JEOL JSM-7500FA microscope with an EDX solid-state X-ray detector. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns were obtained using a JEOL JEM-2011. The surface roughness of the sample together with the thickness was analyzed using a JPK Nanowizard atomic force microscope (AFM) in the tapping mode. The crystal structure of printed galinstan pattern was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (GBC MMA diffractometer) using Cu Kα radiation. The UV-vis absorption spectra were measured by the means of the diffuse reflection mode using a Shimadzu 2550 UV-vis spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere.
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6

Characterization of Functionalized Carbons

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Example 3

The morphologies of the ground carbon, 15-hour ball-milled carbon, and carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) (Tescan Lyra-3) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEM-2011, JEOL). Elemental analysis was carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (the Lyra-3 attachment to the FE-SEM through the LINK INCA program). Surface area, pore size distribution, and structural information were obtained using BET and Raman spectroscopic analysis. All analyses were performed at the KFUPM in Saudi Arabia.

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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Siloxene/PVDF Piezofibers

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The ultrasound irradiation process was carried out using an ultrasonic processor (Model No: VCX 750, Sonics and Materials, Inc., USA (750 W, 20 kHz)) with a titanium horn. The electrospinning process for the preparation of siloxene/PVDF piezofibers was carried out on NanoNC electrospinning instrument (Model: ESR200R2, South Korea). The X-ray diffractogram of siloxene sheets was recorded using an Empyrean X-ray diffractometer (Malvern Panalytical, UK) with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54184 Å). The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) was measured using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet-6700 FT-IR spectrometer. The laser Raman spectra were obtained using a Lab Ram HR Evolution Raman spectrometer (Horiba Jobin-Yvon, France, at a laser excitation source of wavelength 514 nm). The chemical state of elements present in the siloxene sheets was analyzed by an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (ESCA-2000, VG Microtech Ltd). The surface morphology of the siloxene powders and electrospun fibers was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (TESCAN, MIRA3) under different magnifications with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and HR-TEM (JEM-2011, JEOL) with a CCD 4k × 4k camera (Ultra Scan 400SP, Gatan).
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8

Multiplexed Lateral Flow Assay Development

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A ZX1010 dispense platform from Biodot (Chichester, UK) was used for deposition of antibodies onto NC membrane and spraying conjugate onto the conjugate pad. A Leelu reader (LUMOS-V3-03) from Lumos Diagnostics (San Diego, CA, USA) was used to analyze the test lines. A lambda 750/650 spectrometer from PerkinElmer (Beaconsfield, UK) was used to collect UV–vis absorption spectra. A CO2 laser system (VLS 2.30) from Universal Laser Systems (Scottsdale, AZ, USA) was used to engrave the NC membrane. High-magnification transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained with a JEOL JEM 2011, Freising, Germany.
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9

Characterization of Cu2-xS Nanorod Composites

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The morphology and size of Cu2-xS NRs were measured by a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL JEM-2011, Tokyo, Japan). The structure of PVA gel/Cu2-xS NRs-PVA gel was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL 6490, Tokyo, Japan) and Leica microscope (DM500, Leica Microsystems GmbH, Nussloch, Germany). The UV–Vis–NIR absorbance of sample gels was measured by spectrometers (HR2000, and NIRQuest512, Ocean Optics, Inc., Delray Beach, FL, USA). The IR digital photos were captured by an FLIR camera (FLIR ONE PRO, Flir Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA, USA).
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10

Comprehensive Characterization of Synthesized Nanomaterials

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The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as-synthesized samples were acquired using an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku D/max-Rb) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm). The morphologies and microstructures were detected by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-6330) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2011) equipped with energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were determined to investigate the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore distribution by a gas adsorption instrument (MicroActive ASAP 2460) at 77 K. The surface chemical states were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCALAB 250Xi). The weight percentage of each composition was measured by a thermogravimetric analyzer (PerkinElmer 2400II) from the ambient temperature to 900 °C with a heating rate of 10 C min−1 under air atmosphere. The Raman spectra were analyzed by a RAM HR800 (532 nm).
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