Amoxycillin clavulanic acid

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United Kingdom

Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid is a combination antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It consists of the antibiotic amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. The core function of this product is to provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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Clavulanic acid (16 citations) Amoxycillin (8 citations)

7 protocols using amoxycillin clavulanic acid

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils

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Antibacterial activity of each EO and mixture was tested by Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion method following the procedures previously described [12 (link)]. A 1:10 dilution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK) of each EO and mixture was assayed. All tests were performed in triplicate.
The in vitro sensitivity of E. coli strain to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg) (Oxoid) was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer method and the results were interpreted as indicated by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [13 ].

Ebani V.V., Najar B., Bertelloni F., Pistelli L., Mancianti F, & Nardoni S. (2018). Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Sixteen Essential Oils against Escherichia coli and Aspergillus fumigatus Isolated from Poultry. Veterinary Sciences, 5(3), 62.

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Antibacterial Activity of Thymoquinone (TQ)

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TQ was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis., USA) and had a purity of 99.0%. FT-IR was performed to validate the identity and purity of TQ [1 (link)]. The penicillin (2 µg), erythromycin (10 µg), ampicillin (30 µg), amoxicillin (25 µg), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), gentamycin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and imipenem (10 µg) antibiotic discs were procured from Oxoid Limited, United Kingdom.

Qureshi K.A., Imtiaz M., Parvez A., Rai P.K., Jaremko M., Emwas A.H., Bholay A.D, & Fatmi M.Q. (2022). In Vitro and In Silico Approaches for the Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity, Time-Kill Kinetics, and Anti-Biofilm Potential of Thymoquinone (2-Methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione) against Selected Human Pathogens. Antibiotics, 11(1), 79.

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Phenotypic Confirmation of ESBL Producers

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Phenotypic confirmation of ESBL producers was carried out using the double disc method using cefotaxime (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (20 + 10 µg) (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK)) [28 (link)]. This test was also applied to all the E. coli isolates.

Da Silva-Guedes J., Martinez-Laorden A, & Gonzalez-Fandos E. (2022). Effect of the Presence of Antibiotic Residues on the Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance in Fresh Goat Meat. Foods, 11(19), 3030.

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Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils

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The antibacterial activity of both EOs was determined with the Agar disk diffusion method following the procedures described by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [27 ] and with some modifications as previously described [28 (link)]. Each EO was tested at a 1:10 dilution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Oxoid Ltd.). An absorbent paper disc impregnated with 10 µL of DMSO was used as negative control. Paper discs impregnated with amikacin (30 µg), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg) (Oxoid Ltd.), respectively, were used as positive controls. The results of the bacterial in vitro sensitivity to antibiotics were interpreted as indicated by the CLSI [29 ]. All tests were performed in triplicate.

Ebani V.V., Nardoni S., Bertelloni F., Giovanelli S., Ruffoni B., D’Ascenzi C., Pistelli L, & Mancianti F. (2018). Activity of Salvia dolomitica and Salvia somalensis Essential Oils against Bacteria, Molds and Yeasts. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(2), 396.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility of E. coli and Enterococcus

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The in vitro sensitivity of each E. coli and Enterococcus spp. strain to the following antibiotics (Oxoid Ltd. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK) was tested: aztreonam (30 µg), amikacin (30 µg), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), ampicillin (10 µg), cephalothin (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cephalexin (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), colistin sulfate (10 µg), doxycycline (30 µg), erythromycin (10 µg), enrofloxacin (5 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), neomycin (30 µg), piperacillin (100 µg), rifampicin (30 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), sulphametoxazole-trimethoprim (25 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), tobramycin (10 µg). The in vitro sensitivity to the antibiotics was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted as indicated by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) [45 ].
Antibacterial activity of each EO was tested by Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method following the procedures reported by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [46 ] with some modifications. In details, each EO and mixture was diluted 1:10 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Oxoid Ltd.) and one absorbent paper disk was impregnated with 10 µL of each dilution, respectively. A paper disk impregnated with 10 µL of DMSO was included as negative control. All tests were performed in triplicate.

Ebani V.V., Nardoni S., Bertelloni F., Pistelli L, & Mancianti F. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(7), 1668.

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Synthesis of Curcumin-Silver Nanoparticles

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Zinc acetate dihydrate LR (Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O, 98.5%) is purchased from SD-Fine Chem Limited. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) was purchased from Techno Pharm-Chem 99%. Ethanol absolute (C₂H₅OH, EtOH Central Drug House (P) LTD. 95%), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP 40K, Alpha Chemika 99%), Curcuma longa powder obtained from the local market. Pure curcumin purchased from Herbal house centres, Egypt – Lot No. HHC092021). Mueller-Hinton Agar (Oxoid Limited, Cat. No. CM0337), antibiotics including amikacin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, tigecycline, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, levofloxacin, tetracycline, tobramycin, cefazolin, cefoxitin are purchases from Oxoid Limited.

El-Kattan N., Emam A.N., Mansour A.S., Ibrahim M.A., Abd El-Razik A.B., Allam K.A., Riad N.Y, & Ibrahim S.A. (2022). Curcumin assisted green synthesis of silver and zinc oxide nanostructures and their antibacterial activity against some clinical pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria. RSC Advances, 12(28), 18022-18038.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Microbes

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The antimicrobial susceptibility test by disk diffusion was performed and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines M100-S29with antibiotics ampicillin (10 µg), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (20 µg/10 µg), ampicillin-sulbactam (10 µg/10 µg), cefuroxime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), meropenem (10 µg), levo oxacin (5 µg), sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim (1.25/23.75 µg), azithromycin (15 µg), and chloramphenicol (30 µg) (Oxoid, UK). βlactamase was measured using the ce nase disc method (BioMérieux, France). H. in uenzae strain ATCC49247 was used for quality control throughout the test. Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) was de ned as resistant to three or more than three different types of antibiotics.

Zhou M., Sun L., Chen X., Fang C., Li J., & Hua C. (2020). The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis.

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