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16 protocols using naphthalene

1

Naphthalene-Induced Lung Injury in Mice

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Wild type mice (purchased from SPF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions at the animal facility of Tianjin University Haihe Hospital (Tianjin, China). They were kept under a 12-h light/dark cycle with free access to food and water. A total of 60 male mice aged between 8 and 16 weeks and weighing 22-24 g were used for in vitro culture experiments and in vivo lung injury experiments. Scgb1a1-CreER™; Rosa26-mTmG (Scgb1a1-mT/mG) mice were established by mating Scgb1a1-CreER™ (Jackson Laboratory) and Rosa26 mTmG (Gt(ROSA)26Sortm4(ACTB-tdTomato,-EGFP)Luo) mice donated by Dr Ning of Nankai University. The naphthalene injury experiment was performed as described previously (18 (link)): Age- and sex-matched mice were injected intraperitoneally with or without 250 mg/kg naphthalene (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) dissolved in corn oil (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). At days 0, 3 and 10 post-injection, mice (day 0, n=10; day 3, n=8; day 10, n=10) were euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and lung tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. All mice were treated with strict adherence to the protocol approved by the Haihe Hospital Animal Care and Use Committee (Tianjin, China; no. 2020HHSQKT-001).
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2

Characterization of Sugar Cane-Derived Contaminants

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Sugar cane was purchased from a fruit market near the Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. The sugar cane was peeled off properly and thoroughly rinsed three times with mill-Q water before use. Analytical grade FeCl3 and ZnCl2 were purchased from Shanghai Chemicals, Shanghai, China. Naphthalene (NAPH > 98%) and methylene blue (MB > 98%) were purchased from Acros Organics. Phenanthrene (PHE > 98%) was supplied by J&K Chemical. 1-Naphthol (1-NAPH > 99%) was obtained from Aladdin. Toluene was obtained from Hangzhou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China with analytical grade. All other solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile that were used for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were purchased from Honeywell/Burdick & Jackson, with HPLC grade. The eluent water was mill-Q water.
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3

Enzymatic Transformation of S. cerevisiae

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ABTS, hemoglobin from bovine blood, the S. cerevisiae transformation kit, the activated Thiol–Sepharose® and fluoresecein isothiocyanate were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich/Merck (Saint Louis, MO, USA). The uracil independent and ampicillin resistance shuttle vector pJRoC30 was obtained from the California Institute of Technology (CALTECH, Pasadena, CA, USA). The protease deficient BJ5465 strain of S. cerevisiae was obtained from LGCPromochem (Barcelona, Spain) and the Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery kit was from Zymo Research (Irvine, CA, USA). The restriction enzymes BamHI and XhoI were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA, USA), and the high fidelity iProof polymerase was acquired from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). The oligonucleotides were synthesized by Isogen Life Science (De Meern, The Netherlands), and NBD, naphthalene, styrene, 2,2’-dithiodipyridine and 1,4-dithiothreitol were purchased from Acros Organics (Waltham, MA, USA). The Sepabeads EC-EP203 was kindly provided by Resindion S.R.L. (Italy). All chemicals were reagent-grade purity.
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic Compounds

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Nitrobenzene (+99%), 1,4-diNitrobenzene (+98%), 4-chloroaniline (+98%) and naphthalene (+99%) were purchased from Acros Organics Co.; 3-Nitroaniline (+98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemistry Co.; 2-Chlorophenol (+99%), 4-chlorophenol (+99%), 2-chloroaniline (+98%), 2-nitroaniline (+99%) and 4-methylaniline (+99.7%) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co.; 4-MethylNitrobenzene (+99.5%), 4-chlosroNitrobenzene (+98%), phenanthrene (+98%) and pyrene (+97%) were purchased from Fluka Chemistry Co.; 1,2-DiNitrobenzene (+98%), 1,3-dinitro benzene (+99%) and 1,3,5-triNitrobenzene (wetted with 40% water) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co.; 2,4-Dichlorophenol (+99.5%), 4-methylphenol (+98%), 2-nitrophenol (+99%), 3-nitrophenol (+99%), 4-nitrophenol (+99.5%) and 4-nitroaniline (+99.5%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.; Aniline (+99.5%) was purchased from Shanghai Reagent Co.; and phenol (+99.7%) was purchased from Hangzhou Shuanglin Chemical Co. All these aromatic chemicals were used as received. The selected properties including water solubility (Sw), octanol-water partitioning coefficients (logKow), molecular weight, maximum absorption wavelength (λmax), dissociated constant (pKa) of the 25 investigated aromatic chemicals are listed in Table S3.
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5

Heterologous Expression of Laccase Mutant

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The Agrocybe aegerita UPO secretion mutant (PaDa-I) was obtained as described elsewhere (9 (link)). The expression shuttle vector pJRoC30, with uracil auxotrophy and an ampicillin marker for selection, came from the California Institute of Technology (USA). ABTS, DMP, veratryl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, Tween-20, hemoglobin from bovine blood, ascorbic acid, anthracene, Taq DNA polymerase, and a yeast transformation kit were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). NBD was acquired from TCI America (Portland, OR, USA). Naphthalene and dl-propranolol hydrochloride were obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). S. cerevisiae strain BJ5465 was from LGC Promochem (Barcelona, Spain), whereas Escherichia coli XL2-Blue competent cells were from Stratagene (La Jolla, CA, USA). The Zymoprep yeast plasmid miniprep kit and Zymoclean gel DNA recovery kit were from Zymo Research (Orange, CA, USA). The NucleoSpin plasmid kit was purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). The restriction enzymes BamHI and XhoI were from New England BioLabs (Hertfordshire, UK). Oligonucleotides were synthesized by Metabion (Bayern, Germany). All chemicals were of reagent-grade purity.
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6

Spectroscopic Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds

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Eight VOC spectra (vapor phase) were recorded using the AtmOptic: (1) Acetone; (2) Benzene; (3) Methanol; (4) naphthalene; (5) O-xylene; (6) Phenol; (7) Styrene; and (8) toluene. Acetone (CAS 67-64-1, Item No. A1084-1-4000) was obtained from Orëc (Duga Products and Services Co., Ban Suan, Chongburi, Thailand), benzene (CAS 71-43-2, Lot l219765525, Prod. 100515F) was from VWR International (Singapore), methanol (CAS 67-56-1, Product No. 179337, Lot SHBH4599V) was from Sigma-Aldrich (Singapore), naphthalene (CAS 91-20-3, Lot A0266833) was from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific, Singapore), O-xylene (CAS 95-47-6, Lot 1413783) was from Sigma-Aldrich (Singapore), phenol (CAS 108-95-2, Lot l14Y009) was from Alfa-Aesar (Fisher Scientific, Singapore), styrene (CAS 100-42-5, Lot STBF-4819V) was from Sigma-Aldrich (Singapore), and toluene (CAS 108-88-3, Lot SHBF-4825V) from Sigma-Aldrich (Singapore). Compressed gas tanks containing different concentrations of toluene in synthetic air (Leeden National Oxygen Ltd., Singapore) from the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and O-xylene) group were used to demonstrate the quantification of VOC with the AtmOptic and the same calibration procedure can be repeated for other chemicals of interest.
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7

Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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Naphthalene (>99%) was purchased from Acros Organics Co. Phenanthrene (>98%) and pyrene (>97%) were purchased from Fluka Chemistry Co. Acenaphthene (>98%), anthracene (>99.5%) and benzanthracene (>98%) were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co. Selected properties of these PAHs are listed in Table 1. Nonionic surfactant, TX100 (C8H17C6H4O(OCH2CH2)9.5H), with purity of 98%, was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of TX100 was 167 mg L−1.34 (link)Resin SP850, a styrene macroporous resin, was purchased from Rohm and Haas Company (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Before usage, the resin was extracted with ethanol at a solid/solution ratio of 1 g/5 mL for three times to remove the possible impurities, then washed by deionized water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 °C. The Brunaer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and total pore volume of SP850 obtained from N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms were 953 m2 g−1 and 1.65 cm3 g−1, respectively.
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8

Yeast Enzyme Engineering and Assays

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Reagents and enzymes: ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid)), DMP (2,6-dimethoxyphenol), benzyl alcohol, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1,4-naphthoquinone, Fast Red TR Salt hemi(zinc chloride) salt, Taq DNA polymerase and the Yeast Transformation kit were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). NBD (5-nitro-1,3benzodioxole) was acquired from TCI America (Portland, OR, USA) and naphthalene from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). The Genemorph II Random Mutagenesis kit (Mutazyme II) was obtained from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA) and the high fidelity DNA polymerase iProof was acquired from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). The BamHI and XhoI restriction enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA, USA) and the protease deficient S. cerevisiae strain BJ5465 was from LGCPromochem (Barcelona, Spain). The Zymoprep Yeast Plasmid Miniprep kit and Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery kit were from Zymo Research (Orange, CA, USA). The NucleoSpin Plasmid kit was purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany) and the oligonucleotides were synthesized by Isogen Life Science (Barcelona, Spain). All chemicals were reagent-grade purity.
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9

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study

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Cobalt(II) acetate, potassium graphite, sodium metal, mercury, and cobaltocene were purchased from Strem Chemicals. Acenaphthenequinone, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, boron trifluoride etherate, naphthalene, dibenzo-18-crown-6, 18-crown-6 and 12-crown-4 were purchased from Acros Organics and used as received. The ligand aqdH 2 was synthesized according to the published procedure of Satake et al. 52 All solvents used in the syntheses were purchased from Fisher Scientific, and dry solvents were obtained using a Pure Process Technology solvent purification system. Anhydrous DMF was purchased from Acros Organics and used without further purification for all the electrochemical studies.
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10

HPLC Analysis of Diverse Organic Solutes

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The test solutes used in this study were obtained from various suppliers. Toluene, propylbenzene, butylbenzene, biphenyl, phenol, benzoic acid, aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, caffeine, o-cresol, p-cresol, m-cresol, phloroglucinol, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, anisole, naphthoic acid, acetophenone, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, p-nitrophenol, o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, uracil, naproxen, ibuprofen, nifedipine, and bupropion were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich. Benzaldehyde, naphthalene, and benzyl alcohol were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. All chemicals were used as received without any further purification. Individual samples were prepared in methanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as the solvent at a concentration of 10−2 mM; the mixture containing the various components was prepared in methanol at a concentration of 2 mM each. Samples were filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter before injection into the chromatograph. HPLC-grade methanol from Thermo Fisher Scientific was used as the mobile phase modifier. Food-grade CO2 was purchased from PRAXAIR and used as the mobile phase.
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