Sodium alginate

Short-chain chitosan (SCS, degree of deacetylation > 90%) was obtained from Jinhu Crust Product Co., Ltd. Branched polyethylenimine (PEI, 25 kDa), lrgacure 2959, sodium alginate (SA), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were purchased from Energy Chemical Co. (Shanghai, China). The polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) was obtained from ReaLi Tide Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Weihai, China). A living/dead-cell double-staining kit, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8 kit), a PicoGreen dsDNA assay kit, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and triton X-100 were obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Ltd. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), penicillin–streptomycin, and trypsin were obtained from Gibco Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, ATCC 6538) were acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Short-chain chitosan (SCS, degree of deacetylation > 90%) was obtained from Jinhu Crust Product Co., Ltd. Branched polyethylenimine (PEI, 25 kDa), lrgacure 2959, sodium alginate (SA), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were purchased from Energy Chemical Co. (Shanghai, China). The polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) was obtained from ReaLi Tide Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Weihai, China). A living/dead-cell double-staining kit, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8 kit), a PicoGreen dsDNA assay kit, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and triton X-100 were obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Ltd. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), penicillin–streptomycin, and trypsin were obtained from Gibco Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, ATCC 6538) were acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Chitosan (CS, degree of deacetylation > 90%, viscosity 45 mPas, Mw ≈ 10 kPa, Shandong Jinhu Co., Ltd., Zibo, China), sodium alginate (SA, 98%, Energy Chemical), kartogenin (KGN, 95%, Selleckchem Co., Ltd., Houston, TX, USA), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 99%, Energy Chemical), 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 99%, Energy Chemical), proteinase K (Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), sodium periodate (NaIO₄, J&K), and fibrin glue (Guangzhou Bioseal Biotech, Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) were used. All the other biochemical reagents were directly purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louise, MO, USA) and used without any further treatment steps.