Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)

EndoC-βH1 cells were seeded onto Matrigel/fibronectin-coated 12-well plates at 3.5 × 10⁵ cells/well. EndoC-βH1 cells were treated for 48 h with CM diluted by half in the absence or presence of TNFα (1.000 U/mL, R&D). Then, they were starved in DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) containing 0.5 mM glucose for 24 h, washed twice and then preincubated in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate Hepes buffer (KRBH) containing 0.2% BSA in the absence of glucose for 1 h. Insulin secretion was measured following a 60 min incubation with KRBH containing 0.2% BSA that contained varying glucose concentrations or KCl. For insulin content measurements, EndoC-βH1 cells were lysed in the culture wells in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM sodium chloride, 1.0% Igepal CA-630 (NP-40), 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and anti-protease tablets (Roche) for 20 min on ice. Insulin secretion and content were measured by ELISA (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden).

Phosphate phosphate, sodium Chloride, acetone, sodium carbonate were purchased from Acros Organics (USA). Methanol (MeOH), Dithiothreitol (DTT), Ethyline Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA), 2-propanol, Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT), Guaiacol, α-Naphthyl acetate solution, Fast blue BB, xylenol orange disodium salt, sulfuric acid (H₂SO_4), sodium Chloride (NaCl), ferrous ammonium sulphate, glycerol, o-Dianisidine, Potassium acetate, α-amylase enzyme, 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid, bovine serum albumin, hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂, sodium acetate, Glacial acetic acid, Aluminium chloride AlCl_2, sodium phosphate, and 2, 2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTs) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck Germany). Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVPP), starch and Acetic acid were purchased from Bio-world GeneLinx International, Inc., USA. Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) Reagent, Bradford dye, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific UK. 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) was purchased from Millipore Sigma US.

The chemicals including Trypan blue, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), non-nutrient agar, proteose peptone, yeast extract, d-glucose, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium (RPMI-1640), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), silver nitrate (AgNO₃), methanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Massachusetts, USA). Chlorhexidine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (San Francisco, USA). Quercetin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (San Francisco, USA), while PGEA isolation and preparation of CPFLM extracts were carried out as reported previously (Khan et al. 2017 (link)).

Pyrimethamine (PYR), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), chlorophenol red-β-D-galactopyranosidase (CPRG), phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), dithiothreitol (DTT), HEPES and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Pandemic Response Box (PRB) and COVID Box (CB) were kindly donated by the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) foundation. Other analytical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, unless otherwise stated.