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21 protocols using arv 310

1

Preparation of Stable Cellulose Nanofiber Dispersion

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The TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber dispersion (RHEOCRYSTA I-2SX, DKS Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) was used as a starting material. The 2 wt % RHEOCRYSTA I-2SX dispersion was diluted to 0.5 wt % and then stirred for 30 min. To remove the nanofiber aggregations, the diluted dispersion was passed 10 times at 245 MPa through a high-pressure water-jet system (Star Burst, HJP-25008, Sugino Machine Co., Ltd., Toyama, Japan) equipped with a ball-collision chamber. The obtained 0.45 wt % dispersion was then degassed using a centrifugal mixer (ARV-310, Thinky Corp., Tokyo, Japan).
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2

Synthesis of Silver Nanowire Ink

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Example 4

174 g of the methanol dispersion liquid of silver nanowire 2 (silver concentration: 0.2% by mass, dispersion medium: methanol, wire average diameter: 36 nm, average length: 20 μm) produced as above, was weighed in a 1000 ml eggplant flask. 3.1 g of 10% by mass PNVA aqueous solution (manufactured by Showa Denko K. K.), 40.9 g of propylene glycol (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and 112.3 g of PGME (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were added thereto, and dispersed well. Thereafter, methanol was distilled away, by using an evaporator. Then, 63.2 g of pure water, 300 g of ethanol (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), and 49.3 g of methanol (manufactured by Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.) were added and stirred by using planetary centrifugal vacuum mixer Awatori Rentaro (registered trademark) ARV-310, manufactured by Thinky Corporation, to obtain silver nanowire ink 4 having a mass ratio between the binder resin (PNVA) and the silver nanowire (binder resin/silver nanowire) of 0.87.

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3

Epoxy Resin Modification with CSR

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The total amount of DGEBA, consisting of YD-128 and KDAD-7101 (65 wt %), was set to the hundred resin, and the CSR mixture was added to control the CSR content at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 phr, as shown in Table 2. The DICY hardener was added with a 1:1 equivalent weight ratio of epoxy and amine, and the substituted urea accelerator and GCC were added at contents of 1 phr and 3 phr, respectively. Since the CSR content of KDAD-7101 is 35 wt %, 53.85 phr (31.85 wt %) is the upper limit of the CSR content, and thus 50 phr was set to be the maximum content. In addition, the CSR contents relative to the total weight (wt %) are provided in Table 2.
Each composition was mixed using a paste mixer (ARV-310, Thinky, Tokyo, Japan) according to the following procedure: (i) the CSR mixture was preheated to 50 °C for ease of work; (ii) the DGEBA and CSR mixture was mixed for 3 min at 2000 rpm (under a 1.0 kPa vacuum); (iii) the DICY, accelerator, and GCC (powder type) were added to the mixture; (iv) the mixture was mixed for 2 min at 2000 rpm (under atmospheric pressure) to prevent scattering of the powdered compositions; and then (v) the mixture was further mixed for 5 min at 2000 rpm (under a 1.0 kPa vacuum) for dispersion and defoaming.
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4

Synthesis of PLGA-Silver Nanoparticle Composites

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A total of 0.5 g of AgNPs were weighed into a 10 mL centrifuge tube and mixed with 5 mL trichloromethane via ultrasonication. AgNPs with 3 different percentages (3%, 1%, and 0.1% wt%) were added into the PLGA, respectively, as follows: 3AgNPs/PLGA (3% AgNPs), 1AgNPs/PLGA (1% AgNPs), and 0.1AgNPs/PLGA (0.1% AgNPs), respectively. According to the concentration requirements, 2 g PLGA (DG-85DLG300) was mixed with the AgNPs solution (0.6 mL, 0.2 mL, and 0.02 mL), and trichloromethane was added up to 3 mL, and then an agitator (ARV-310, Thinky, Kyoto, Japan) was used to mix for 15 min in order to dissolve the PLGA completely as well as ensuring the PLGA and AgNPs were uniformly mixed.
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5

Fabrication of Epoxy-Fumed Silica Composite

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The epoxy/fumed silica composite was produced by uniformly dispersing fumed silica in an epoxy resin and then adding a curing agent to the mixture. The equivalent ratio, curing agent:epoxy, was fixed at 1:1.24 (Table 1).
First, fumed silica was dispersed in an appropriate amount of the epoxy resin at 2000 rpm for 10 min by using a paste mixer (ARV-310, Thinky, Tokyo, Japan), followed by stirring at 23 °C for 3 min and ultrasonication (VCX 750, Ultrasonic Processor, Sonic & Materials, Newton, CT, USA). After cooling, a curing agent was added and the defoaming process was performed for 1 min. Next, epoxy/fumed silica mixture with the curing agents was initially cured at 80 °C in a Teflon sheet for 3 h, and the solvent was evaporated, followed by post-curing at 150 °C for 2 h (Figure S1).
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6

Fabrication of Hard Carbon Electrodes

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The hard carbon electrodes were prepared by mixing HC powder (95 wt %) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF, Kynar HSV 900, Arkema, France) (5 wt %) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) for 10 min at 2000 rpm using a planetary centrifugal mixer (ARV-310, Thinky, Japan), such that the resulting slurry had a solid content of 0.8 mg mL−1. The viscous slurry was coated on a copper foil current collector with a thickness of 10 μm (MTI corporation, USA) on an automatic table-top coating machine (Coatema, Germany) using the doctor blade method, resulting in a wet film thickness of 90 µm. The HC loading of the electrodes was 3 ± 0.1 mg cm−2. After drying the films in an oven at 50 °C for 3 h, electrodes with a diameter of 10.95 mm were punched out. The electrodes were then dried in a glass oven (Büchi, Switzerland) under dynamic vacuum at 120 °C overnight and transferred into an argon-filled glovebox (H2O and O2 content <0.1 ppm, MBraun, Germany) without exposure to ambient air.
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7

Fabrication of Microneedle Arrays

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To fabricate SPDMNs, DMNs with a total height of 500 ± 63 μm and a base diameter of 300 ± 21 μm were fabricated over the micropillars. Dimensions were calculated based on evaluating geometries of 5 DMNs per group. Hyaluronic acid (HA; 32 kDa, Soliance, Pomacle, France) was used as the backbone polymer matrix of the DMNs and Rhodamine B (Sigma Aldrich) was employed as the drug surrogate. Briefly, 0.3% (w/v) of Rhodamine B was dissolved in distilled water and homogenized with 60% (w/v) of HA at a g-force of 335× g for 10 min using a centrifugal mixer (ARV-310; Thinky Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The mixture was then dispensed twice per micropillar using automated X, Y, and Z stages (SHOT mini 100-s, Musashi, Tokyo, Japan) and placed in a customized centrifuge to fabricate SPDMNs using the centrifugal lithography method at a g-force of 4,089× g with an acceleration and deceleration of 9 and 3, respectively [34 (link)].
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8

Volumetric Loading of Microballoons in Siloxane Resin

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A volumetric loading of 40% microballoons in the silica filled siloxane resin was used as a standard to compare the two microballoon materials. This selection was made on the basis that 40 vol% filler content should not result in significant jamming and thickening behavior given the broad size distributions44 (link), yet it should have a significant impact on the overall mechanical performance of printed structures.
Resin was prepared by blending 40 vol% microballoons into the siloxane base resin (SE 1700 Part A base) using a vacuum gravitational mixer (Thinky ARV 310) at 2000 rpm for 1 min. After this time, the microballoon resin mixture was hand mixed, followed by another round of non-contact mixing under vacuum at 2000 rpm for 1 min. While no noticeable heating occurred during blending, the material was allowed to cool in a standing water bath for 5 min, prior to non-contact mixing of SE1700 Part B curing agent at 2000 rpm for 20 s. The microballoon suspension was transferred to a 30 cc syringe for printing.
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9

Fabrication of Silicone and Epoxy Inks

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Sylgard 184 and Sylgard 186 are purchased from Dow Corning, USA. DragonSkin 30, DragonSkin 10, Ecoflex 00-30, and Ecoflex 00-10 are purchased from Smooth-on, USA. The silicone ink was prepared by directly blending Part A and B at a specific mass ratio in a 50 ml beaker. For Sylgard 184, Part A: B = 10:1 is used unless other mixing ratios are specified. For Slygard 186, Part A:B = 10:1. For DragonSkin 30, DragonSkin 10, Ecoflex 00-30, and Ecoflex 00-10, Part A:B = 1:1. For DragonSkin 10 + 20 wt% SiO2 and blended using a planetary mixer (ARV-310, Thinky, Japan) at 2000 rpm for 5 min. The epoxy ink is purchased from Sinoepc China, and mixing E39D and E20 with 1:1 weight ratio by manual stirring under heating with a heat gun, then added 14.2 phmr 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (Aladdin, China) as curing agent. For all these materials, colorants are added for identification.
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10

Magnetic Composite Ink Fabrication

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The magnetic composite ink is prepared by adding NdFeB microparticles with an average size of 5 µm (MQFP-B+, Magnequench, Canada) into Sylgard 184 with different volume ratios and blended using a planetary mixer (ARV-310, Thinky, Japan) at 2000 rpm for 5 min.
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