2400 series 2 elemental chns analyzer

Catalytic cracking of HDPE using the HZSM-5 catalyst has been investigated. Polymer samples were obtained from Ipoh SY Recycle Plastic, Malaysia. The proximate and ultimate analysis of HDPE were conducted using PerkinElmer Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer (STA) 6000, and PerkinElmer 2400 Series II CHNS Elemental Analyzer, Waltham, MA, USA, respectively. The characterization data are presented in Table 1. HZSM-5 was obtained from zeolite (CBV3024E) in ammonia form (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) and then converted into hydrogen form by calcination at 823 K and 2 K/min heating rate for 2 h in a muffle furnace. The catalyst specifications and the experimental matrix details are shown in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. The test samples have been prepared with different catalyst to polymer mass ratios (0.5, 0.77, and 1.0). The cracking studies were performed using Mettler Toledo TGA/SDTA851^e (Polaris Parkway, Columbus, OH, USA) analyzer under 50 mL/min N₂ as an inert gas. The results were evaluated with the V7.01 STAR^e software package. Heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 K/min were exerted. TGA equipment was used for the measurements in which the samples were heated from ambient temperature to 373 K for 5 min, and then heating continued to 523 K and was then held for 5 min. After that, heating continued to 973 K and the temperature was kept constant for another 5 min.

The samples were air dried in the darkness for 72 h and subsequently homogenized and again sieved with a metallic mesh (2 mm) and stored. pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined in air dried samples following standard protocols based on Sparks et al. [31 ]. Soil pH and EC were measured in saturation extracts.
For elemental characterization soil samples were grounded to pass through a 0.180 mm sieve. Total C (TC) and N (TN) were determined with a 2400 Series II CHNS Elemental Analyzer (PerkinElmer) calibrated with the LECO CNS 2000 standard. Organic C (OC) was determined in sample aliquots after removal of carbonates using 5 N HCl. Metals such as Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured in HNO₃-digested soil samples (Anton Paar Multiwave 3000 for 10 min) by ICP-OES (Perkin Elmer ICP-OES Optima 8300) [32 (link)].

The MC of both RH and RB was determined, followed by the standard method ASTM D 2974-87. 2 g of fine powder was weighed by analytical balance, then oven-dried at 100 ± 5 °C till reaching constant weight. After having a constant weight of samples, MC was calculated through Eq. (1)^{26 (link)}. $$\%MC=\frac{W_{\mathit{Initial}}-W_{\mathit{Constant}}}{W_{\mathit{Initial}}}\times 100\%$$ where W_Initial = Initial weight of the sample (g) and W_Constant = constant weight of the sample after oven-drying (g).
Ultimate analysis containing Carbon-Hydrogen–Nitrogen-Sulphur (CHNS) content was determined through 2400 series II CHNS elemental analyzer (Perkin Elmer Inc., New Zealand). HHV, LCV, BD, ED, FVI, BCI, Y_m, ED_ratio and Y_E were determined through Eqs. (2)–(10), respectively^{15 (link),24 (link),26 (link),28 (link),53 (link),54} . $$HHV=0.303\left(C\right)+1.423\left(H\right)$$ $$LCV=HHV-2.535\left(9H+MC\right)$$ $$BD=\frac{m}{V}$$ $$ED=HHV\times BD$$ $$FVI=\frac{HHV\times BD}{MC\%}$$ $$BCI=BD\times \left(100-MC\%\right)$$ $$Y_m=\frac{M_{\mathit{drybiochar}}}{M_{\mathit{ricehusk}}}\times 100$$ $$E{D}_{\mathit{ratio}}=\frac{HH{V}_{\mathit{biochar}}}{HH{V}_{\mathit{ricehusk}}}$$ $$Y_E=Y_m\times E{D}_{\mathit{ratio}}$$ where HHV = Higher Heating Value (MJ/kg), LHV = Lower Heating Value (MJ/kg), m = Mass of Sample (kg), V = Volume of Sample (m³), BD = Bulk Density (kg/m³), ED = Energy Density (MJ/m³), FVI = Fuel Value Index (no unit), BCI = Biomass characteristic Index (no unit), Y_m = Mass Yield (no unit), ED_ratio = Energy Densification Ratio (no unit), Y_E = Energy Yield (no unit).

The reagents and solvents employed in the existing study were got from commercial dealers. All the reactions were observed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel. Melting points of the synthesized compounds were measured using open capillary tubes and are uncorrected. NMR spectra were recorded on a Jeol 500 MHz instrument (Tokyo, Japan) while the FT-IR spectra were documented on a Perkin Elmer system 2000 FT-IR instrument (KBr) (Shelton, AL, USA). Mass spectra of these compounds were measured on a DART-ToF-MS mass spectrometer (Jeol, MA, USA). Elemental analyses of the synthesized compounds were done on a Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II Elemental CHNS analyzer (Waltham, MA, USA).

¹H, ¹³C and 2D NMR spectra were recorded on JEOL-400 and 500 MHz NMR spectrometer (Tokyo, Japan). Chemical shifts are given in parts per million (δ-scale) and the coupling constants are given in Hertz. Colum chromatography was performed on silica gel (60–120 mesh) using hexane:EtOAc as eluent. Single crystal X-Ray data set for 6 h was collected on Bruker APEXII D8 Venture diffractometer (Karlsruhe, Germany) with Mo Kα (λ = 0.71073 Å) radiation. Elemental analyses were performed on a Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II Elemental CHNS analyzer (Waltham, MA, USA).

NMR spectra were recorded with a Bruker-Spectrospin AC 300 spectrometer operating at 300 MHz for ¹H and 75 MHz for ¹³C using tetramethylsilane as the internal standard (0.00 ppm) in CDCl₃ as solvent. The following abbreviations were used to explain the multiplicities: bs = broad singlet, s = singlet, d = doublet, m = multiplet.
Elemental analyses were performed on a Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II Elemental CHNS analyzer. Materials: thin-layer chromatography (TLC): TLC plates (Merck, silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ 0.2 mm 200 × 200 nm); substances were detected using UV light at 254 nm.