Uv 2550 uv vis absorption spectrophotometer

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and mapping detected with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV on JEM-1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray mappings (EDS) were performed on Hitachi S4800 (Hitachi Limited, Japan). X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were obtained on a Thermo ESCALAB 250XI (Thermo Fisher Scientific, U.S.A.). The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was measured using a Rigaku D/MAX-2550 (Rigaku, Japan) with Cu Ka radiation. The infrared spectra were acquired from a Nicolet 6700 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) with a passed KBr pellet at room temperature. All absorption spectra were detected by a Shimadzu UV-2550 UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan). Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were recorded using Bruker MS-5000 ESR spectrometer (Bruker, Germany).

Morphology of catalyst materials of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was obtained from Carl Zeiss, Gemini 500 (Carl Zelss, Shanghai). The crystal structure of the photocatalyst was determined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD, Rigaku Dmax/Ultima IV). The recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes of the photocatalyst were determined by a fluorescence spectrometer (PL, Hitachi F-4600) at room temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were taken on a ThermoFischer, ESCALAB Xi+ (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were recorded with a Nicolet 6700 spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corporation, USA). All ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra were conducted with a Shimadzu UV-2550 UV-vis absorption spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan). UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS, Shimadzu UV-3600) was used to analyse the light absorption performance of the photocatalyst, and BaSO₄ was used as the reference standard. The specific surface area and pore size distribution of the photocatalyst were characterized using an ASAP 2020 (USA).