Model xl30

The morphological characteristics of nanofibers are investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM, XL30 model, Philips) at voltage of 20 KV. The hydrophilicity of surfaces is also characterized using drop shape analyzer. Photographs of distilled water drop are taken by camera (AM-4113ZT4, DinoLite), and, water contact angles are analyzed using DinoCaoture.

X-ray diffraction (XRD, Unisantis xmd300, Georgesmarienhutte, Germany) measurements were recorded in 2θ in the range of 5–60°. The surface morphologies of PP and PPM5 deposited TiO₂ nanoparticles (PPM5/TiO₂) were examined by SEM (Philips, model XL30). Change of functional groups and influence nanoparticles deposition on the surface were studied using FT-IR-ATR (Bruker Alpha, Yokohama, Japan). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was accomplished by using a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 30 °C to 800 °C under air flow radiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was recorded via an Al Kα X-ray source at 1486.6 eV. Finally, the alteration in wettability was examined using the WCA measuring system.

The morphologies of blends were analyzed using a Philips Model XL30 scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples were first cut at −120 °C using rotation microtom (Mikrom HM360). Consequently, the fractured surfaces were etched with n-heptane at 80 °C for 5 h and then sputtered with gold layer.

Surface morphologies of RuO₂-TiO₂@Ti electrode and the composite membrane were analyzed by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) (Model XL-30, Philips, Netherland). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans were carried out using the neutral electrolyte solution containing 1 mM PIPES and 15 mM Na₂SO₄ (in some cases, 50 μM SA was added) in a three-electrode cell driven by an electrochemical workstation (CS350, Corrtest Co., China), to characterize the electrochemical properties of the developed RuO₂-TiO₂@Ti/PVDF composite membrane and clarify the relevant anodic oxidation mechanism of this membrane, respectively. An Ag/AgCl and a Pt wire served as the reference electrode and the counter electrode, respectively. In particular, in LSV tests, RuO₂-TiO₂@Ti electrode and pristine PVDF membrane were used as the control.

The fabricated fibrous mats were gold coated by sputtering and examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, Philips Model XL30, Eindhoven, The Netherland) at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. The mean diameter of the fibers was analyzed by measuring the diameter of 50 random fibers from FESEM images. An image analysis software (Image J, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was utilized to determine the fiber size distribution. A JEOL transmission electron microscope (TEM, Zeiss, EM10C, Berlin, Germany) was used at 100 kV voltage to analyze the core-shell structure.
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (AVATAR, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA) of the mats was performed in transmission mode using KBr pellets in the wavenumber range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹. Mechanical properties of the scaffolds were assessed by a universal tensile testing machine (AG-5000G, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) according to ASTM D638 at a strain rate of 5 mm/min and 2 cm gauge length. Water contact-angle goniometry (OCA 15 Plus, Dataphysics, Filderstadt, Germany) was employed to evaluate the wettability of the fibrous membranes. Triplicate samples (n ≥ 3) were examined and the average values were reported.

A Philips Model XL30 scanning electron microscope (Philips, The Netherlands) was used to obtain the SEM images. The samples were glued onto aluminum stages using double adhesive carbon conducting tape and coated with gold–palladium at room temperature before the examination. The accelerator voltage for scanning was 25.0 kV.