Quantax 200

All materials and solvents were purchased from Merck, Sigma-Aldrich, and Fluka and were employed as received without further purification. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) was performed in the range 400 to 4000 cm⁻¹ (PerkinElmer) using the KBr disc technique. Morphologies of the synthesized nanomaterials were analyzed using a Quantum 2000 field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded on a 300 MHz Bruker AVANCE III spectrometer using TMS as the internal reference. A Photonix UV-visible array spectrophotometer was used to record UV-visible spectra. Elemental analyses were carried out using a Thermo Finnigan (Flash-1112EA) microanalyzer. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Bruker QUANTAX 200) was run with an electron probe microanalyser (JEOL JXA-8230) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. Melting points were determined in open capillary tubes on Stuart BI Branstead Electrothermal IA9200 apparatus. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were acquired at a scanning rate of 3° min⁻¹ using a Philips PW1730 diffractometer at 40 keV and 30 mA for monochromatized Cu Kα radiation in the 2θ domain from 10° to 80°. Thermogravimetric analyses were performed with a TGA 92 Setaram with a heating rate of 10 °C per minute.

The XRD patterns of as-prepared NPs were analysed by X-ray diffraction (PAN analytical X'PERT PRO diffractometer). The UV-visible spectra were gained by UV-visible absorbance spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Elico-169 PC scanning double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer). The basic morphology of prepared nanoparticles, along with their size, was determined by Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy-Dispersive Spectra (EVO18 (CARL ZEISS)), Quantax 200 with X Flash® 6130, and Transmission Electron Microscopic (JEOL JEM 2100). The functional groups and phytochemicals involved in degradation were categorized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (Perkin Elmer RXI spectrometer).