H 8100 electron microscope

The EV-TEM solution was prepared by dispersing the EVs corresponding to 1 mL urine sample in 200 μL PBS. Then 10 μL of EV-TEM solution was dropped into a 200-mesh Formvar carbon-coated copper grid. After naturally drying, the sample was incubated with 2% phosphotungstic acid solution for at least 2 min at 25 °C for negative staining. TEM images of electric vehicles were performed on a Hitachi H-8100 electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).

EVs corresponding to 1 mL urine sample were dispersed in 200 μL PBS to prepare EV-TEM solution. For each sample, 10 μL EV-TEM solution was dropped onto a 200-mesh formvar carbon-coated copper grid. After natural drying, the sample was incubated with 2% phosphotungstic acid solution (pH = 7.0) for 2–3 min at room temperature for negative staining. Ultimately, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of EVs were carried out on a HITACHI H-8100 electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).

The absorption range of MG-MSN was compared with free MG using UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis in a wavelength range of 200–800 nm. Absorption spectrum was measured at room temperature using UV–VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Model: varian Carry 5000). Photoluminescence spectra of MG and MG-MSN were studied by a spectrofluorometer (Jobin Yvon, Model: FLUOROLOG - FL3-11) (Gupta, Kushwaha & Chattopadhyaya, 2016 (link)). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral measurements were carried out using a FTIR spectroscope (Model: Thermo Nicolet, 6700) to identify potential functional groups present on MSN, MG, and MG-MSN at a range of 400–4,000 cm⁻¹. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) images were taken using an HITACHI H-8100 electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The observations were made with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The shape and size of MG-MSN was analyzed carefully by placing a single drop of sample suspension on a copper TEM grid coated with carbon and after evaporation of complete water moiety.